1. What is the purpose of TNF-alpha and how would you use gel electrophoresis to measure the presence of TNF-alpha 1 and 2? 2. What do variations in the TNF alpha gene affect?
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1. What is the purpose of TNF-alpha and how would you use gel electrophoresis to measure the presence of TNF-alpha 1 and 2?
2. What do variations in the TNF alpha gene affect?
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- 9. Fill in the table below, outlining different aspects of neuronal signalling in sino atrial node of the mammalian heart. A legend of possible entries is provided below the table, specifically for the columns "marker genes", "associated G proteins" and "ionotropic targets" Marker gene Ionotropic receptors Possible associated G proteins Gs Gq Gi/Go Possible marker genes: Solute carrier family 17 Glutamate decarboxylase Dopamine ß hydroxylase Choline acetyltransferase Possible ionotropic targets: Cayl channels Ca 2 channels GIRK channels Metabotropic receptors M2,4 B1,2 Associated G protein Ionotropic target(s) Effects on heart Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 Tyrosine hydroxylase Histidine decarboxylase M-type K+ channels HCN channels BK and SK channels3 Infliximab is a chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibody generated against the inflammatory cytokine TNF-a. Adalimumab is a fully humanized anti-TNF-a antibody. How might some patients become resistant to infliximab therapy and yet still respond to adalimumab?Alpha-1 antitrypsin has codominant inheritance. M genes express normal levels. S and Z genes have low expression. Which of the following is most likely to develop emphyema? A person with: 1) two M genes who does smoke 2) two S genes who does smoke 3) one M and one S gene who does not smoke 4) one M gene and one S gene who does smoke 5) two M genes who does not smoke 6) two S genes who does not smoke
- 1. Match each of the terms in the left column to the bestfitting phrase from the right column.a. epistatic interaction 1. divide the body into identical units(segments)b. regulative 2. initiated by binding of ligand todetermination receptorc. modifier screen 3. individuals with cells of more thanone genotyped. RNAi 4. the fate of early embryonic cells canbe altered by the environmente. ectopic expression 5. assign identity to body segmentsf. homeodomain 6. substance whose concentrationdetermines cell fatesg. green fluorescent 7. suppression of gene expression byprotein double-stranded RNAh. genetic mosaics 8. method for identifying pleiotropicgenesi. segmentation genes 9. a DNA-binding motif found incertain transcription factorsj. homeotic genes 10. encode proteins that accumulate inunfertilized eggs and are needed forembryo developmentk. morphogen 11. double mutant has phenotype of oneof the two mutantsl. maternal effect 12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriategenes tissue or at…1. Basic of signal tranduction pathway in cancer disease 2. Specific of cellular response and organismal response in cancer disease.1. ALT is not used as a hepatocellular damage marker in cattle. Explain why.
- Are there foods that contain natural inhibitors of MDRs (or P-gp) that can enhance effectiveness of chemotherapy or other pharmacotherapies?.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of general chemotherapy like Etoposide compared to specific inhibition of EGFR.4 Natalizumab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody that targets the cell- adhesion molecule a4-integrin and is used as a second-line therapy for severe Crohn's disease. What might be its mechanism of action?
- 4. The following applies for humans and not birds? A. lack of lymph nodes B. somatic DNA recombination C. presence of bursa of Fabricius D. somatic gene conversion is responsible for Ab diversity 5. Which of the following does NOT contribute to lg class switching? A. Cytidine deaminase B. class switch DNA recombinase C. Cytokines D. recognition switch signal E. Terminal deoxyribonucleic transferase(TdT)1. a)how is it possible for such drugs to selectively kill bacterial cells and not our own cells? b)Provide an example of post-translational regulation of protein activity and explain the advantage of regulating each protein/process at the post-translational level instead of the transcriptional level.8. Another unique feature of coronaviruses is usage of a -1 ribosomal frameshift. Explain this frameshift and its significance for the expression of all 16 Nsp proteins, and what two signals drive the -1 ribosomal frameshift?
