1.) What are the different temperatures used in PCR (polymerase chain reaction)? What happens at each temperature? 2.) What ingredients are used in PCR? What role does each ingredient have in replicating DNA? 3.) Why is the contamination of foreign DNA a particularly important problem when you do PCR?

1.) What are the different temperatures used in PCR (polymerase chain reaction)? What happens at each temperature? 2.) What ingredients are used in PCR? What role does each ingredient have in replicating DNA? 3.) Why is the contamination of foreign DNA a particularly important problem when you do PCR?

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter15: Genomes And Genomics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6QP: Which of the following best describes the process of DNA sequencing? a. DNA is separated on a gel,...

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1.) What characteristics of VNTR and STR make them useful for DNA fingerprinting? 2.) How does PCR minimize the problems associated with degraded DNA? 3.) What factors can cause DNA to become degraded? 4.) If Ethidium bromide was not added to a gel, what would happen? 5.) How can you tell if an individual is heterozygous for the D1S80 marker? 6.) If a negative control produces a band, what does this indicate? 7.) In an experiment, a student’s sample amplified for D1S80 produced 3 bands. It was the only DNA sample run on the gel. The student knows that there was no problem with the Thermocycler or primers because the other students in the class had the expected results of only one or two bands. What is the most likely explanation for these results?
A) What are the three main steps involved in PCR? Include temperatures and descriptions of each step. B) Explain why RFLP can produce many bands on an electrophoresis gel and PCR (one set of primers) will only produce one or two bands on a gel for the same genome.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) works by exposing the reaction to a series of temperature changes. In 150 words or fewer, describe 1.) the different stages of a single PCR cycle, 2.) how many cycles of PCR your reactions will undergo, and 3.) why multiple cycles are necessary.
Please answer these two questions regarding PCR: a) Why do you need to perform PCR on DNA obtained from a crime scene? b) Why so forensic labs analyze non-coding DNA rather than genes?
Explain why a positive control and negative control are included in PCR experiments. Explain the three steps involved in each cycle of polymerase chain reaction.Why is loading dye added to the DNA sample for gel electrophoresis? Explain the function of the following components in a PCR reaction:− Primer, dNTP, MgCl, Taq polymerase, buffer.
1. Why is each of the following reagents required to be in the PCR reaction tube? Primers, Taq DNA polymerase, nucleotide mix, reaction buffer 2. Imagine that you forgot to add nucleotides to your PCR master mix. How would this affect the outcome of your PCR reactions? a) If you made the mistake described in the previous question, which control would give you unexpected results? (In other words, if you forgot to add nucleotides, which control reaction tube would have results that are different that they would be if you had prepared them correctly?) 3. If you found that there was DNA amplification in your negative control tube, what could be an explanation for that result?
Below are several problems frequently faced by researchers when running the PCR. Give one (1) solution to each problem stated. 1. No PCR product 2. Multiple bands appeared after gel electrophoresis (you are amplifying just 1 gene) 3. Bright thick bands at the end of the agarose gel after electrophoresis 4. Bands appeared at the negative control
1. What is the purpose of restriction enzyme? 2. What is the purpose of the probe in DNA finger printing. 3. What is/are the sample that can be used for DNA finger printing? 4. Who is the culprit base on our interactive laboratory experiment?
(i) (ii) What is the major difference between the conventional PCR and real time PCR (qPCR) in terms of function? SyBR green and Taqman dyes are usually utilized in real time PCR. Which dye is more sensitive and accurate? Explain your answer.
Evaluation of PCR product electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gel shows non-specific bands. The appropriate modification for the next PCR reaction is to: a) increase the concentration of Taq polymerase b) increase the number of PCR cycles c) decrease the template denaturation temperature d) reduce the concentration of primers
You are preparing to amplify a DNA sample using PCR and add the following to your set-up: forward primers, no dNTPs, and Taq polymerase. What will be the end result of your PCR? a) PCR would proceed normally b) Non-specific PCR of random templates will occur c) The reaction will cease after a few cycles d) The PCR reaction will not occur.
Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR? I-The primers hybridize to the target DNA. II-The mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double stranded target DNA. III-Fresh DNA polymerase is added. IV-DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA. A) II, I, IV. B) I, III, II, IV. C) III, IV, I, II. D) III, IV, II. E) II, III, IV.