The Pain Scale

Campus security at Louisiana State University of Alexandria is not as good as it should be. LSUA, like most college campuses, is a campus where almost anyone from anywhere can step foot on campus without having to go through any security checks. Someone can easily walk on campus grounds and possibly harm students or faculty. This is a very important issue that LSUA faces daily along with many other colleges and universities around the country. LSUA’s campus police has around 6-7 officers, which isn’t enough to cover most of the campus. Every now and then I see a university police officer patrol the campus streets trying

The middle range theories consist of two more concepts, and these concepts are concrete and operationally explained. The hypothesis from middle range theories is testable. These theories are specific to the problem (McEwen, &. Wills, 2014). The middle range theory of Acute Pain Management by Good and Moore established in1996 used in the management of acute and chronic pain.

Germany has been playing some dangerous games in this war. They went through Belgium's neutrality to attack their enemy. Then use unrestricted submarine warfare to blow up ships. They attacked the Lusitania and killed over 100 Americans. Germany tried to get Mexico to attack us by sending a telegram, promising them to give their land back when they win. Our British allies got the message. President Wilson was the one who declared neutrality at the beginning of the war. This zimmerman not was the final straw for President Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany and joined the Allied Powers.

What is the point in measuring something that is unique to every individual? In “The Pain Scale,” the author, Eula Biss, attempts to convey her pain to the reader. She tells the reader how she has tried to describe and measure her pain. There is a system set up for doing so, but it leaves much up to individual interpretation. The arbitrary process by which we are supposed to evaluate the level of pain we are experiencing doesn’t seem to accomplish much. Throughout the essay, Biss uses unique ways of comparing the suggested levels of pain to other “scales.” This raises the question, why can the scale, itself, doesn’t do adequate job of helping people understand pain.

Pain is one of the most common reason patient seek out help. The concept of pain can affect every person is some form or way. Pain can stand alone as a theory or fix with other theories like Comfort, Self- care, and more. As a surgical nurse I need to have a higher understanding of the patients I care for to ensure they receive the best care. Concept analysis is a form of research that allows a person to explore a theory/ concept to the fullest degree in an organized way. This concept analysis will take Walker & Avant’s steps to form a better understanding into pain.

Being in pain can make you feel unwell and have negative feelings. It can interfere with your daily activities, such as work, school, hobbies, or relationships. Pain can be a sign you have a condition that needs to be treated. A pain scale can help you describe your pain so your health care provider has a better idea of what you are feeling and how to treat your condition.

This paper will define the term pain and how it pertains to the comfort theory. Next, there will be discussion from relevant literature in regards to pain. Its defining attributes will be

No evidence exists to suggest that older individuals perceive pain to a lesser degree or that sensitivity is diminished. Although pain is a common experience among individuals 65 years of age and older, it is not a normal process of aging. Pain indicates pathology or injury. Pain should never be considered something to tolerate or accept in one's later years.

Measuring Pain 1. 1. Sensory - intensity, duration, threshold, tolerance, location, etc 2. 2. Neurophysiological - brainwave activity, heart rate, etc 3. 3. Emotional and motivational - anxiety, anger, depression, resentment, etc 4. 4.

Eula Biss’s The Pain Scale is written metaphorically about pain, both emotional and physical, and what defines pain. Biss presents her composition in the structure of a scale a patient would use to tell a doctor how much pain they are in. The pain is ranked on the scale of zero to ten; zero being no pain and ten being the worst pain imaginable. However, Biss asks the question of how much pain is someone is in. Everyone experiences pain differently so how can you put pain on a scale? Throughout her composition, Biss tries to answer this question with metaphors using style and structure. These two very important parts, both structure and style, are essential in this composition and are something the reader should note while reading this essay.

Although, “The medical model has imposed a discourse of pain that that is always organic in nature and always meaningless. So strong is this discourse that all possible alternative pain narratives have been silenced.” The lecturer say that pain should not be explained only in term Cartesian model; Pain should rather be view in the concept of individual or in the concept of culture therefore pain is not objective. I agree that pain should be

‘Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’ (International association for the study of pain 2014). Pain can be made up of complex and subjective experiences. The experience of pain is highly personal and private, and can not be directly observed or measured from one person to the next (Mac Lellan 2006). According to the agency for health care policy and research 1992, an individuals self-report of pain is the most reliable indicator of its presence. This is also supported by Mc Caffery’s definition in 1972, when he said ‘Pain is whatever the experiencing patient says it is, existing whenever he says it does’.

“Playing with Pain,” by Michelle Crouch in December, 2016, teaches us that focusing too much on one sport is not very good. Studies show that specializing in one sport actually has the opposite effect of what people think or say about it. Crouch write in the article about the experiences of Kellen Sillanpaa, a young athlete. The central idea is that if a person specializes in only one sport, there could be consequences. Some of the consequences are having pains, not being able to play a sport or do normal activities, and having a lower chance of success later in life.

The most common reason that people seek medical care is pain, and pain is the leading cause of disability (Peterson & Bredow, 2013, p. 51; National Institute of Health, 2010). Pain is such an important topic in healthcare that the United States congress “identified 2000 to 2010 as the Decade of Pain Control and Research” (Brunner L. S., et al., 2010, p. 231). Unfortunatelly, patients are reporting a small increase in satisfaction with the pain management while in the hospital (Bernhofer, 2011). Pain assessment and treatment can be complex since nurses do not have a tool to quantify it. Pain is considered the fifth vital sign, however, we do not have numbers to guide our interventions. Pain is a subjective expirience that cannot be shared easily. Since nurses spend more time with patients in pain than any other healthcare provider, nurses must have a clear understanding of the concept of pain (Brunner, et al., 2010). Concept analysis’ main objective is to clarify ideas, to enhance critical thinking, and to promote communication (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000). This paper will examine the concept of pain using Wilson’s Steps of Concept Analysis (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000).

Pain is not only defined as a sensation or a physical awareness, but also entails perception. Moreover, pain is an unpleasant and an uncomfortable emotion that is transferred to the brain by sensory neurons. There are various kinds of pain and how one perceives them is varied as well. Certain parts of the brain also play a key role in how one feels pain such as the parietal lobe, which is involved in interpreting pain while the hypothalamus is responsible for the response to pain one has. Although some believe pain is just a physical awareness and is in the body, pain is all in one’s mind because the perception of pain and the emotion that controls its intensity differs in individuals and when pain itself is administered to the body, the brain determines the emotions one attaches to each painful experience.