The Human Foot Is An Example Of Macroevolution And Micro-Evolution

Click the arrow in the bottom right corner of the screen to proceed to Slide 2 and begin the Click and

a. Microevolution: evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation. It is evolutionary change on its smallest scale

Microevolution: evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period. Basically, microevolution studies small changes in alleles that occur within a population. Over time, these small

Research speculates that the modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted in Europe for around 5,000 years. To put that into perspective, 5,000 years is around 250 generations in “human-time.” Sharing about 99.5% DNA with the Neanderthals, the largest bone in the foot may be one of the biggest differences that set the modern humans apart to out-live the Neanderthals. Both Neanderthals and modern humans have arched feet, but the height of heal differs. Dr David Raichlen found that because the heal of the Neanderthal was taller, it proved less spring during running and also stabilized the ankle. This made the Neanderthals known for walking, and to which why the lower heal increased the ability for modern humans to out run its closest cousin.

Evolution is a change in genes of a population over time. Speciation is a process of gene changes which causes one population to become two unique populations. Speciation can be illustrated using the Lemurs of Madagascar as an example. Evidence suggests that Lemurs originated in Africa before separating to Madagascar where they then underwent speciation and became a now minimum of 50 species of lemur (Berkeley, 2015). This occurred as previous to the continental drift Madagascar was attached to Africa and therefore did not move a far distance away. Whilst there is no evidence which suggests that lemurs were on Madagascar before the separation there is some which represents that a lemur travelled to the island after

Divergent evolution occurs when two populations of the same species are separated and become genetically different. Two types of divergent evolution are demonstrated in Figure 2. One type is called Allopatric speciation; this occurs when a population or group of organisms belonging to the same species, are separated geographically. Over time, the separated groups develop different traits due to environmental differences. In Figure 2a, the grey fish evolved in a lake the receives salt water runoff, they would need to have evolved traits to survive the increased salinity.

In this article, What We Can Learn About Running from Barefoot Running: Evolutionary Medical Perspective, its talking about barefoot running and how people use to run for millions of years’ bare feet. The article has many views about barefoot running which people can general learn about barefoot running, some points of the article talks about the agreement and disagreement, as well as some misconception about barefoot running.

Macroevolution is ¨a major evolutionary change. The term applies mainly to the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time,¨ (Dictionary.com, 2018). Macroevolution refers to change over a long period of time. ¨Stasis is frequently associated with the theory of punctuated equilibrium, in which most evolutionary change is concentrated during the phylogenetic branching of lineages in very rapid bursts of speciation,¨ (oxfordbibliographies.com, 2018). Another phrase that is often associated with macroevolution is extinction. ¨Extinction is the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct,¨ (Dictionary.com, 2018). Extinction is associated with macroevolution because they both occur over a long period of

Major morphological elements symptomatic of bipedalism include: the nearness of a bicondylar point, or valgus knee; an all the more inferiorly placed foramen magnum; the nearness of a decreased or nonopposable big toe; a higher curve on the foot; a more posterior introduction of the anterior bit of the iliac sharp edge; a generally bigger femoral head distance across; an expanded femoral neck length; and a somewhat bigger and anteroposteriorly lengthened condyles of the femur. Each of these components is a particular adjustment to address issues connected with bipedalism (eLucy, 2007).

The anatomy of the foot is very complex. There are twenty six bones in each foot. The bones in both feet equal one-quarter of the bones in the human body. There are thirty three joints and over one hundred muscles, tendons and ligaments in the foot as well. The longest bones of the foot are known as the metatarsals. There are five in each foot with the fifth being on the exterior of the foot and the first on the interior. On the end of each metatarsal there are phalanges, better known to most people as toes. The phalanges and metatarsals are the easiest to break or injure from weight bearing activities. According to the

Microevolution is the observable changes in species that occur gradually over time. They can be a change in color, a difference in eating preferences or even a developed resistance to pesticides, resulting in a change in genetic code from one generation to the next. It is the process of genes being changed within a population. An example of microevolution might be the Bengal cat, which is a hybrid of the domestic house cat and the Asian leopard cat. Artificial selection is a great example of small scale evolution or microevolution. This differs from macroevolution in that macroevolution is not directly observable. Macroevolution is more of a "big picture" type of concept. When you think about macroevolution, you are not thinking about

Evolution, is basically “decent with modification”, this applies to microevolution and macroevolution. (www.evolution.berkeley.edu) Evolution, when on a smaller scale is defined as microevolution; an example would be the house sparrows. Depending on the location the sparrows have different characteristics, some are larger and heavier to protect from the cold while others are lighter to withstand heat. There is so much evidence for microevolution it’s almost impossible to deny. Microevolution is observable because of the short timespan required for it to take place. The controversy begins when you get into macroevolution which is evolution on a much bigger scale. Usually referring to a change in species, this cannot be observed because it takes longer than one lifespan to detect. We are able to observe small modifications; it should be common sense that over

However, the theory of evolution is based on the concept of macroevolution, numerous microevolutionary changes over a long period of time resulting in new life forms.6

Macroevolution (the theory that the world was evolved by random chance from a bacteria) both playing

Evolution refers to change over time as species modifies and separate to produce several offspring species.