Howard Hughes Medical Institute
2011 Holiday Lectures on Science
Skeletons Reveal Human and Chimpanzee Evolution
Student Worksheet
About This Worksheet
This worksheet complements the Click and Learn “Skeletons Reveal
Human and Chimpanzee Evolution” developed in conjunction with the 2011 Holiday Lectures on Science, “Bones, Stones, and Genes:
The Origin of Modern Humans”.
Author: Mark Eberhard, St. Clair High School
Web Link: www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/skeletons-reveal-human-and-chimpanzee-evolution
Click the arrow in the bottom right corner of the screen to proceed to Slide 2 and begin the Click and
Learn.
1. What is a phylogenetic tree used to illustrate? __________________________________________________
A phylogenetic tree is used to
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8. Bones are one anatomical feature that can provide a wealth of information. List SEVEN things scientists can learn about an organism by examining its bones.
a.
Bone's reveal an animal's size and shape.
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b.
Bone composition reveals age.
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c.
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A ridge on the skull tells you about the size of the muscles that control the lower jaw.
d.
The position of the eyes may indicate whether an animal is prey or predator.
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e.
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Teeth tell you about diet and social behavior.
f.
The size and shape of the pelvis gives clues to how an animal may reproduce.
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g.
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The pelvis and spine tell you whether on organism walked upright or on all fours.
Proceed to Slide 13. Click on the video of Dr. White to listen to his description of the discovery of
Ardipithecus ramidus, or Ardi, and then answer the following questions.
9. Once the finger bones of Ardi were
when u try to figure out the way the bones moved all around and it tells them the bones were moved and how long they been there.
1) The layer of the GI tract wall that is responsible for motility is the
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.
3a. Body more than five times as long as broad; front edge of dorsal fin far
Coelomates have an enclosed body cavity, which means advance muscle structure, enhanced locomotor capabilities, and more structural integrity.
The foramen magnum is the large opening in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes to the cranial cavity and becomes continuous with the medulla oblongata of the brain. The information that you could gain from knowing the position and angle is the difference in habitual body posture and how the species walked. If the foramen magnum opening was in the back of the skull that mean the species walked on four legs and if the foramen magnum was located on the bottom then it the species walked on two legs or was bipedal. The angle of the foramen increased over time.
E: As humans evolved through time, we gained the ability to walk and stand upright, also known as bipedalism. This, however, made our pelvises smaller. Also, we humans started to develop the need for bigger brains. Big brains means big skull. Having a small pelvis makes giving birth much more risky because the fetus has a large head to fit through a small opening.
In the Article “The 2% Difference” by Robert Sapolsky explains that scientists have decoded the chimpanzee genome to discover 98 percent of human DNA is similar. In Sapolsky article he goes on to explain the two percent difference humans and chimpanzee. A few of his discovered was that “Chimps excel at climbing trees, but we beat them hands down at balance-beam routine; they are covered in hair, while we have only the occasional guy with really hair shoulders” (Angeloni pp.40 2016). Physically we look different and can do different physical activities then chimpanzee. Sapolsky continues by saying how we have differences in social behavior. It is known
If you were a forensic anthropologist and were studying human remains, what information would you look for in the bones? Why would this information be helpful?
In the article about How the Horned Lizard Got its horns the main hypothesis proposed by Young et. al. (2004) is how horned lizards used their horns to protect themselves from predators and how selection favors the length of their horns (Young et. al. 2004). The thing that the researchers wanted to test is if the length of the horns made an impact on the survivability of the horned lizards (Young et. al. (2004)). They tested this by measuring the length of the horned lizards from a group of living lizards and skulls of the deceased (Young et. al. 2004). According to the data the horned lizards the lived where the ones with the longer horns in contrast to the deceased carcasses which had the shorter in length horns (Young et. al. 2004). The
All in the all, figure one indicates that diet quality shapes molar area. The primates with larger molar area had lower diet quality scores and the primates with smaller molar areas, had greater diet quality scores. This supports my hypothesis that molar area is positively correlated and relative to diet quality. Lower quality diets require bigger teeth to break it down. This diet can consist of seeds and leaves. Lower quality diets tend to not provide as much energy and nutrients. In contrast, high diet quality is correlated with smaller molar area. High quality diet consists of fruits, meat and much more. Smaller molars are needed to chew the food that larger incisors break down. Using the equation provided in figure one, predictions can be made about the diets of the fossil species. When plugged into the
P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body.
Enclosed please find my application for Anatomy Instructor at Jacobs School of Medicine and Anatomical Science. I feel confident that I would be an ideal addition to the teaching faculty at the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, as you will observe that my experiences, researches and future plans are highly compatible with a number of your current faculty members. Moreover, I am presently enrolled in masters in Anatomical Science program, which further polished my teaching skills by incorporating a thesis project, graduate course-work, a teaching practicum, anatomical specimen preparation and dissection techniques. My colleagues and I are presented with a number of far-ranging opportunities from learning how to use an electron
The ongoing scientific investigation of how exactly evolution occurred and continues to occur has been an argumentative idea amongst society since Darwin first articulated it over a century ago. The scientific basis of evolution accounts for happenings that are also essential concerns of religion; both religion and science focus on the origins of humans and of biological diversity. For instance, in the reading “Truth Cannot Contradict Truth,” Pope John Paul II, addressing the Pontifical Academy of Science, discussed the matter of God as creator of man. The Pope explains that men cannot relate to animals because men are superior. The reasoning for that is because God created humans under his likeness. What the church is saying about mankind
Biological evolution is the name for the changes in gene frequency in a population of a species from generation to generation. Evolution offers explanation to why species genetically change over years and the diversity of life on Earth. Although it is generally accepted by the scientific community, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been studied and debated for several decades. In 1859, Darwin published On The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolutionary thought which he supported with evidence of one type of evolutionary mechanism, natural selection. Some of the main mechanisms of evolution are natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift. The idea that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor has been around for