Synthesis Essay

Table 1 summarises the results from the primary data collected. Figure 5 indicates there is a linear relationship between the molecular weight and heats of combustion. Figure 6 compares the heats of combustion of the primary data, the accepted values and values calculated from the bond dissociation energy. Figure 6 compares the heat of combustion values identified by the bond dissociation energy calculations, the accepted values and experimental values when 80g of water is heated by 10°C. The bond dissociation energies do not take into account the hydrogen bonding and the accurate energy required to change the tested alkanol from an aqueous state to a gaseous state. The experiments done to identify the accepted values were conducted

An Investigation into the Enthalpies of the Combustion of Alcohols = == == == ==

Observing the data, it can be seen that there is a significant increase in the amount of energy diesel + hexanol (C6) produced (in kJ/g). Theoretically, only 5.2 kJ/g was expected to be released, however the hexanol displayed synergistic effects, as an extra 1.1

1-Hexanol has a chemical formula of CH3(CH2)5OH and a melting point of: -53 to -41 °C and a boiling point of: 155 to 159 °C The heat of combustion of 1-hexanol is 4638 kJ mol-1 and it has a combustion equation of 2C6H13OH(l) + 18O2(g) → 12CO2(g) +

When fuels are burnt the majority of the energy released was stored within the weak double bond of molecular oxygen found in the fuel.

Diesel is unique in relation to consistent gas and has a tendency to show signs of improvement miles per gallon. With gas costs nowadays, utilizing diesel is resembling a really decent alternative for a great deal of car proprietors. Since the thought is turning out to be more prevalent, there is a requirement for diesel masters.

Combustion reactions all give out huge amounts of heat energy; this is referred to as an exothermic reaction. When an exothermic reaction occurs there is a decrease in chemical energy and the ‘lost’ chemical

From one stable compound comes multiple products caused by the rearrangement of the reactant. If one were to do the calculations for the combustion reaction, the units would be in joules and negative, indicating it is an exothermic reaction. Such calculations are vital to maximize output and feed consumption.

With any probable petrol crisis, for all the sectors the alternative fuel is vital to be developed. In addition, pollutants have formed because of combustion of petroleum based fuels in diesel engines. Pollutants from diesel engines include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxides (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). NOx and PM are the two primary pollutants of diesel engines. It was stated by Lloyd and Cackete, that Diesel emissions contribute to the development of cancer; cardiovascular and respiratory health effects; pollution of air, water, and soil; soiling; reductions in visibility; and global climate change. Research on reducing emissions resulted from diesel engines and studies on decreased fuel consumption are being founded worldwide, especially in EU countries. There are many works on reliable researching and implementations and useful results came to exist. Research and developing alter-native diesel engine fuel is one of the aspects of these studies.

In our world today diesel engines have become a substantial part of the society, being used in buses, trucks, locomotives, tractors, and so on. Scientist has been seeking ways of improving the efficiency of diesel engines by developing and testing alternative fuels. Recent studies explore the use of diesohol as a substitute to diesel. Diesohol are classified as “a mixture of diesel fuel and anhydrous alcohol blended using a chemical emulsifier,” (Environmental Protection Agency, 2003).However a major concern regarding diesohol is both alcohols and diesel have dissimilar physical and chemical properties. Alcohols due to it being an oxygenate proved to burn cleanly and easily, and produce decreased amount of soot and harmful emissions (Mithun Mohan,2015) .It is estimated its combustion is around 3000 kJ/kg (The Engineering ToolBox, Unknown),(Mitun Mohan,2015).The chemical equation for the combustion of alcohols :

This project involves the process of combustion, which is the process of two substances being combined chemically, which produces heat and light. It’s most common for a fossil fuel to be involved with oxygen in the air. Combustion can be used in everyday life because the heat generated by this process can be used to help operate different things like engines, furnaces, and boilers. Byproducts involved in this process are water and carbon dioxide, since this is an exothermic reaction. The formulas go as follows: CH4 + 2O2 →CO2 + 2H20 + Heat, C + O2 →CO2 + Heat, and 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + Heat. almost a whole page.

Global warming is a huge factor in why new forms of energy are constantly being sought after. Carbon dioxide is a large contributor to global warming and a large part of this is from emissions from vehicles. In order to work out the emissions per litre from the different fuels, their density has to be known.

“Methanol,” frequently termed as wood energy is consumed as substitute energy. Such supple-energy automobiles can utilize M85 type of ‘methanol.’ This is a blend of eighty-five out of a hundred of methanol and about fifteen out of a hundred petrol. The other substitute energy is biofuel, which is based on vegetable oils or animal fats. It may also be produced from recycled oils from restaurants after being used for cooking. This calls for engine conversion so that they can burn biodiesel in its pure state (Adrian, 2007). ‘Biodiesel’ can be blended with petrol-diesel and get utilized in original locomotives. It is decomposable, and decreases contaminants (‘particulate’ substance, ‘carbon monoxide,’ and ‘hydrocarbons’) associated with the use of fossil fuels in vehicles. ‘Propane’ can also be used as substitute energy and it is a byproduct of “natural gas.” It is more consumed as energy for cooking and heating and it automobiles it produces fewer emissions than gasoline. Another substitute energy is hydrogen which is mixed with ‘natural gas’ to create substitute energy for vehicles designed with interior incineration locomotive capacities.

This is proof that it is crucial to begin to create biofuels that have a lesser negative impact that can sustain the energy demands that we have today. Currently, as seen in the table, microbes have been proven to produce ethanol, biodiesel and hydrogen, which are all sources that can be used for producing renewable fuels. One of the various types of ethanol produced are C5 alcohols also referred to as isopentenols and other 5 branched carbon alcohols. As Connor and Liao suggest “Higher chain alcohols (C3–C5) contain a high energy density, and are compatible with the current infrastructure as they are less hygroscopic. These alcohols (iso-propanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, isopentenol) can be blended with gasoline and also have potential to be used as replacements, as 1-butanol has already been shown to perform well in conventional gasoline engines” (Connor; Liao, 2009). There is some controversy about how current biofuels are not efficient at low temperature; however, FABCEs and BFABCEs have low freezing points, which can allow for the biofuel to have greater performance (Tao et. al, 2015).

Blending ethanol with diesel fuel has several issues in terms of performance and emission lev-els. A number of studies have examined the effect of ethanol on thermal efficiency, brake power, fuel consumption and emission levels. Some research [114, 120, 125, 126] obtained dif-ferent results in terms of performance and emission levels. Most of this research agreed that ethanol causes an increase in fuel consumption (BSFC) and a decrease in the efficiency of the diesel engines. Chen et al. [120] showed that ethanol could decrease some types of emissions such as smoke and PM because high oxygen content helps to complete the combustion. When vegetable methyl ester was added to