Shojo and Adult Women: a Linguistic Analysis of Gender Identity in Manga (Japanese Comics)

How do the works of Yasumasa Morimura, Julie Rrap and Anne Zahalka challenge conventional ways in which gender has been depicted historically in the visual arts?

In addition, we will explore the context in which the members of the group communicate with their intended audience using mass communication. The last part will try to examine the recent changes in the comic-book world in regard to giving the traditional male superhero role to a female lead and what changes might it bring forth by breaking some of the female gender stereotypes and norms.

Sexism, from the lack of women creators to the hypersexualized characters, is an enormous problem facing the comic book industry today. It is the 21st century, and the comic book industry is still a male-dominated industry. Thankfully, there are fewer distress damsels and more leading ladies, but I remain unsatisfied and believe that we need more. With female versions of superheroes doing better than their male counterparts, it will continue getting better. This world absolutely can not become better, until all aspects of life ceases the discrimination against

Gender roles are consistently found in our society, within media, and in marketing procedures. In Laurie Halse Anderson’s fiction, Twisted, gender roles are constantly found and exchanged between characters. Along with Twisted, Anderson’s fiction, Speak, thoroughly exhibits gender roles. In Twisted, Tyler goes through gender roles when he has to act like the typical tough male. In Speak, Nicole breaks gender roles by being an athletic character. In these two novels they both heavily show the roles of the two genders, and show what they go through. Gender roles are definitely enforced by social expectations and the expectations people hold above themselves. Gender roles are definitely enforced by social expectations and the expectations people hold above themselves.

Years later McConnell-Ginet (1989, as cited in McConnell-Ginet, 2011) began to study about language and gender in which it focused on speeches of men and women. Later in 2002, in investigating the characterisation of men and women in language, a study has been conducted that covered the sexism in language (Weatherall, 2002). Thus, the foundation of this research is based on the study of language and gender and its effect on

It only takes a second to attach a strong feeling or idea to a character in a movie, advertisement, or video game. Many characterization used are based on the assumed stereotypes, and are usually one-dimensional characters. Typically, these characterizations usually come from inherited family values, education, and the media. While stereotypes existed long before mass media, the media machine certainly helped to accelerate the cultural growth of all kinds of stereotypes. It is beyond this paper to answer why magazines employ these gender stereotypes, instead this research is designed to analyze

Katha Pollitt, a poet and essayist, published an essay entitled “Hers; The Smurfette Principle,” which is written from a mother's perspective. Katha's daughter grew up watching Disney princesses needing to be saved by men, and doing nothing for themselves. She then goes on to draw attention to the fact that the majority of children's television programs feature males as the lead characters. Also, when a female character is present, outnumbered as she may be, the character almost always plays an unimportant role. Katha named this the Smurfette Principle: a group of male characters accented by one female, who is always stereotypically defined (Pollitt 1). This principle was based on the show, “The Smurfs,” where every single Smurf in town is a boy, except Smurfette, a pretty blonde in a dress. However, it doesn't stop at television programs. Children's books also center around male characters and stereotype female characters. Part of the blame also falls on parents for not monitoring what their children are viewing as much as they sometimes should. Television programs and books that exemplify the “Smurfette Principle” teach young girls that they are inferior and exist only in relation to

Gender Matters is a collection of various essays on feminist linguistic texts analysis, by Sara Mills. Mills develops methods of analyzing literary and non-literary texts, in addition to conversational analysis based on a feminist approach. The author draws on data from her collection of essays gathered over the last two decades on feminism during the 1990s. The essays focus on gender issues, the representation of gender in reading, writing, and in public speaking. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of feminists’ analysis of sexism in literature and the relation between gender and politeness. The article is informative for my research paper, as my

Throughout the world women are depicted to be oversexualized among forms of media such as video games and comic books. The idea of oversexualization towards female characters is that they have been often drawn and animated in hypersexual ways. Even going as far as viewing them as a sex object, their revealing body images are eye candy through the eyes of men. Hence women found in comic books and video games are frequently emphasized by their excessive physical appearances, objectification, portrayal, and character role.

It is important to teach children about gender roles since it is something that society holds in regards, but most of the time in literature it is done unequally. The portrayal of gender in literature is based off of the expectations of society and places bias on gender. Boys are portrayed as strong, adventurous, independent and capable and often play the roles of fighters, adventurers and rescuers. Girls are portrayed as sweet, naïve, dependent, sensitive and emotional and play roles such as caretakers, princesses and mothers. The roles of gender portrayed in literature are often a reflection of the views of society and do not offer objective insight. Even though it is important to teach children about gender roles, the fashion in which it is done in does not allow children to see beyond those expectations. If a young girl is constantly read stories about a woman’s role as a housewife, homemaker and mother, she will assume that’s what is expected of her and will not know society will allow her to be anything she wants to be.

Within the anime Revolutionary Girl Utena and the novella Real world there are female characters who, on the surface, appear to be breaking the molds of gender and sexuality. However, with deeper analysis the characters, Utena and Yuzan respectively, are unable to effectively invert or undermine overarching gender normality. Despite effectively integrating themselves into a more masculine niche both girls still adhere to common principles of shojo based gender culture.

Gender is a sociological idea, in which it is not based on biology. While there is some biological differences between the sexes, the “meaning” of being male or female is based on social norms. Like race, these “biological” differences provided a system of enabling inequality between the sexes. History offers many examples of the gender norms over time. Women, for centuries, are few as the homemakers and often viewed as intelligent. Despite living in the twentieth century with greater equality, one does not need to go far to see how society and media influence our perception of gender. Advertisements in various media persuade its audience to buying their products. However, the means of attracting and persuading the audience can have underlying messages. Even in entertainment for young girls these underlying messages are prevalent. One example is the popular film, The Little Mermaid, in which the main protagonist is a young female. The protagonist gave up her identity to satisfy her lover. Even traditional gender roles are at work; the film showed young girls that to be happy and successful one had to find a husband and must relinquished one’s identity (Wood 1994). The generalized perception of male and female are polar opposites. Males are viewed as masculine, strong, authoritative, powerful, and devoid of emotions. Females are viewed as beauty, fragile, nurturing, emotional and sole purpose is to please men. These ideas can lead to sexism, which can have negative effects on

As people read things they have formed a stereotype on what gender the voice is coming from. For example if a male reads a magazine article from a hunting magazine, they are going to think that a male wrote it without even looking at who actually wrote the article. This is the same for females reading a magazine about wearing make-up, they have a stereotype of who writes these articles. Most males and females are set in their ways, they have set stereotypes that grows with them as they grow up. The gender of the voice in writing plays an important role of what stereotype the reader is going to perceive.

Gender socialization and gender roles have always existed in society. When analyzing gender roles, they are not always equal or consistent when comparing cultures, however, the expectations of females and males are often times clearly defined with a little to no common area. The Japanese culture is an example of the defined gender roles that change over time. According to Schafer (2010), because “gender roles are society’s expectations of the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females”, they must be taught (p.357). These roles define how females and males are viewed in society, their household, and workplace. When examining gender socialization in the Japanese culture, it is important to analyze how gender roles are

The construction of a self-identity can be a very complex process that every individual is identity is developed through the lenses of cultural influences and how it is expected to given at birth. Through this given identity we are expected to think, speak, and behave in a certain way that fits the mold of societal norms. This paper aims to explain how gender perform gender roles according these cultural values. I intend to analyze the process in which individuals learned and internalized their respective gender identities, through their cultural background. I will be conducting a set of interviews with the intention to compare my experience as a self-identified male of Mexican descent, to the experience of another male character of Japanese heritage in order to understand how we come to self-identify as masculine in diverged cultures. In this paper, I argue that the construction of gender identities is a direct consequence of societal influential factors such as family values; values that reflect the individual’s culture. This analysis will not only utilize evidence from these identity formations, but also in explaining why and how these self-identities were constructed using both theoretical sources and empirical studies as a framework.