Renal Blood Flow Changes

Changes due to the aging process also need to be addressed. Calcium reabsorption increases especially in women after the menopause, this decreases bone density. Lean tissue decreases as fat increases with age; there is also a decline in the percentage of body water meaning that body temperature is more difficult to control. Thirst decline and decreased renal function means that older people can become dehydrated (Copeman 1999). The function of the bowel reduces, meaning that the elderly are more susceptible to indigestion and constipation. The risk of constipation is also increased with Parkinson’s disease (Parkinson’s UK 2011). The final consideration is the deterioration of the sensory system. Taste, smell, vison, pain and touch all decline meaning that food may not be as appealing (Copeman 1999).

In the preface to the book, Elie Wiesel says, “I do not know, or no longer know, what I wanted to achieve with my words.” Based on the reading experience, what does Wiesel achieve in this book? Use specific evidence from the text to support the answer.

EXERCISE 9:  RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGYHere is 9 got 95% Still need help on final 132

It is a known fact that all measures of physiological function decline in human aging. While genetics certainly play a role in the declining of physiological function with age, it can be argued that a fundamental part of aging can be reflected by chemical processes resulting in the appearance of harmful side products of the normal metabolism over time. When enzymes speed up reactions it is harder to slow them down. At the same time side reactions are constantly occurring and more and more unwanted side products are continuously being formed.

7.   Studies on aging have demonstrated that some nephrons may fail as we get older.  Will this be a problem regarding urine formation?

changes in hormones that affect blood flow and pressure to the kidneys, drastic drop in

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

According to American Cancer Society, in our bodies most people are born with two bean shaped organs, found attached to the back wall of the abdomen, these are called kidneys. As you grow in life your kidneys have multiple jobs, but the biggest job is that they act as a filter in your body. They will take in the blood and filter any substance not needed, such as excess water, salt, and other waste. Once the process of filtering anything bad begins, your kidneys will kick out what we know as urine. American Cancer Society says the kidneys will also “help keep your blood pressure controlled”, by making a hormone called, renin. Need more red blood cells? Don’t worry, your kidneys will make another hormone, known as erythropoietin, sending a message

Diastolic dysfunction is the result of several diseases such as, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease, which provoke a systemic inflammatory state with high circulating levels of glycoprotein and tumor necrosis factor. This inflammatory state leads to coronary micro vascular endothelial dysfunction with reduced vasodilator response to acetylcholine as a result of low nitric oxide availability and increase in reactive oxygen species production. Diastolic dysfunction will also be the result of an abnormal active process of relaxation linked to an abnormal calcium handling mechanism. This increase in stiffness and decrease in arterial compliance lead to an abnormal vasodilator response to exercise, which causes

This case study will analytically reflect on problems which occurred for an adolescence first admission to an adult hospital with Post Transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) secondary to Immunosuppressive Therapy. In this study I will explore the pathophysiology of renal dysfunction due to posterior ureteral valves which he presented at birth.

In addition, the patient will have a decrease in renal perfusion as well as retention of sodium. This stimulates a concurrent retention of water leading to sequelae such as hypertension. Similarly, this reduction in cardiac output can also lead to problems with cognitive ability due to decreased profusion to the brain. In geriatric patients, there is a significant increase in dependence and mortality when chronic heart failure is accompanied by cognitive

Physical Structure: pair of brownish-red, bean-shaped structures that are located retroperitoneal on the posterior wall of the abdomen. The right kidney is located lower due to the location of the liver. Located between the 12th thoracic vertebrae and 3rd lumbar vertebrae. Protected by the ribs and the muscles of the abdomen, fat deposits internally surround and prevent jarring. Average adult kidney weighs 4.5 oz., and 10 to 12 cm long by 6 cm wide. Each kidney is divided into 2 parts; the cortex and medulla. The cortex approximately 1 cm wide is located farthest from center of kidney, it the functional units of the kidney called the nephrons. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010) The medulla is the inner most region of the kidney and approximately 5 cm wide, this area contains the Loops of Henle, and the collecting ducts of the juxtamedullary nephrons. These ducts connect to the renal pyramids, of which each kidney has 8 to 18 pyramids, they then drain to the renal pelvis which is the beginning of the

Seniors do not tend to feel as thirsty as they did when they were younger, even when their fluid levels are low. Fewer feelings of thirst equate to less water consumed. Put together with kidneys that are not as efficient

Nervous system: ageing of the central nervous system affect a wide range of complex activities ( loss of brain wright, lose

As age increases, we can expect some loss of heart, lung, joint, and sexual functioning. Some loss of brain cells and mental efficiency is a normal part of