Polyvinyl Chloride

The main mechanical structure is modified version of the structure that is described in the [1,3]. The device consists of a proof mass which is attached to two similar double-ended tuning fork resonators via a force amplifier like a mechanical lever with a special configuration. This schematic of this structure is depicted in Fig. 1. Each of the DETF resonators is actuated to their resonance electrostatically and they will be sustained in their resonance by a feedback loop[17]. When an external acceleration is applied to the structure in proper direction, the proof mass will deflect and as a result of this movement an axial force will transfer to the DETF resonators. This axial force will result a change in the stiffness of the resonators so there will be a shift in the resonance frequencies of these DETF resonators[3]. These shift in resonance

The snail like shape of the cochlear effectively boosts the strength of the vibrations caused by sound, especially for low pitches. When sound waves hit the ear drum, tiny bones in the ear transmit the vibrations to the fluid of the cochlea, where they travel along a tube that winds into a spiral. The tube’s properties gradually change along its length, so the waves grow and then die away, much as an ocean wave travelling towards the shore gets taller and narrower before breaking at the beach.

The design of our project was based upon the instruments seen in the Dr. Seuss novels. The instrument is multi-colored and similar to the color scheme found on the cover of the book, Oh, the Places You’ll Go. The shape and unique structure are also attributed to many distinctive instruments found in Dr. Seuss stories. We decided to have two mouthpieces available, so two people can play the instrument at the same time and the overall structure characterizes the disproportionate instruments seen in the books. Going with the theme, the sound created is also very interesting. When assembling the instrument, we had stuck wax paper between the parts of the pipe, creating a kazoo-like sound. We had chosen to use PVC-pipes in order to lock in the sound, leaving no air to escape, and funnels in order to amplify the sound being given off. Before our final design, there had happened to be another idea we were going for. The design had included a chamber that would contain soft air gun pellets or bb gun pellets that were capped off by 3D printed discs, covering each end of the side chambers. These discs would have holes that would allow air to enter the chamber, move the pellets around and create a rattle sound

As the waves pass through the particles of the medium, they isolate from their original positions to move with the wave before returning to their natural placements (Henderson 2016, Sound as a Longitudinal Wave, para. 2). Longitudinal waves are what sounds use to move. During a period in a sound wave, the sound wave has both compression and rarefaction stages where particles in the wave contract then release to create a caterpillar type motion (Figure 2). A visual representation of this type of wave could be made by a slinky with a fixed end. As a wave of energy is sent through the slinky by vibrating the other end of the slinky horizontally, the energy moves through the entirety of the slinky via contraction and release as discussed above (Figure

Closed-end air can be many things; ranging from brass instruments, woodwind instruments, organ pipes, and flutes. These closed-end air columns cannot produce an even harmonic. It has a 1st harmonic, 3rd harmonic, and fifth harmonic. These harmonics are can be understood as, the 2nd harmonic being twice that of the 1st, and the 4th being four times that of the 1st .

In this lab, we will be doing 3 major things: 1) Collecting and organizing data to obtain resonant points in a closed pipe, 2) measure the length of a closed-pipe resonator, and 3) analyze the data to determine the speed of sound.

Processing Data: hAverage= h1st-h Driving the independent and dependent variables: Velocity of sound propagation(v)=frequancy(f)×Wavelength(λ) At a constant temperature, the speed of sound is fixed; In addition, as tuning forks are given, the frequency is also fixed. Using this information and the equation above, the resonance conditions can only be satisfied when the resonating height (hn) of the tube is such that: h_n=1/4(2n+1)λ , Where n=0, 1, 2,

The Pacific Oil Company, founded in 1902, experienced rapid growth throughout the early twentieth century, expanding into north Africa and eventually the Middle East. The company became one of the successful and largest worldwide supplier and producer of industrial petrochemicals. Their central product, Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM), is the base ingredient in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) which was not readily available to all companies producing PVC products until the mid to late 1980’s.

The discovery of the vinyl chloride monomer did not immediately lead to mass production of PVC. It was not until much later that the uses of this monomer were discovered by Waldo Semon, a chemical engineer working for B.F. Goodrich, during the year of 1930. Using a chemical reaction

The rapid vibration of an object creates the longitudinal and compression waves of sound, or such vibration. (2) The sound waves are clarified to a sinusoidal plane waves, which are characterized by wavelength, amplitude, frequency, wavenumber, sound intensity, sound pressure, speed of sound or direction. Frequency has a great role in order to make a nice pitch. Frequency is resolved by computing the number of complete cycles per second in a changing current direction.

The Pacific Oil Company a well-established oil company with an assorted diversified product line including “Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM)”. (Lewicki, 2010, p. 583) As one of the pioneer producers of VCM, Pacific Oil cornered the market share for contracting, distributing and selling their niche product, VCM worldwide. One of Pacific’s longtime customers was Reliant Corporation. This partnership was more than a decade old and was strong. However, if Pacific Oil decided to further diversify its product line to include Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) a VCM derivative, “it would not want to be in the position of supplying a product competitor with the raw materials to manufacture the product line, unless the formula price was extremely

The sound waves are produced by a random oscillating crystal, and are inaudible to humans. A instrument called a

The red bar on the left acts as the driving piston. If it moves in a sinusoidal manner from left to right, then the wave that is produced will be a sinusoidal wave. Since the wave is sinusoidal, the wavelength, amplitude and frequency are constant. This is seen in nature as a tuning fork, which produces a periodic sound wave. In a one dimensional tube as shown above, each particle undergoes simple harmonic motion. The volume that is contained in one wavelength also undergoes this same motion. We can represent the displacement of this volume as:

Two experiments were done last time due to some circumstances that made the class to lack time and to be late compared to the official class syllabus. The students were able to accomplished the job by equally dividing the time into two. The first experiment was about Kundt’s tube. In this experiment, longitudinal sound waves will be produced in a metal rod and an air column. Using the properties of wave motion , the frequency of the sound and the speed of sound in the rod can be determined.

From the time I was in the 5th grade I have played the flute in the band. The flute is an instrument that relies entirely on air to create sound. Pitch on the flute is varied through many factors such as breath support and air speed. The air creates vibrations that travel through the instrument creating different notes. As a little girl I remember my dad setting out my mom’s crystal wine glasses and showing me how to create music with them. It fascinated me how such a simple household object could create such beautiful tones just like I could with my flute. Therefore, when I was presented with the internal assessment for my IB physics class,