Essay about Particle Kinetics of Biological Aerosols During Impaction

Environment/industry specific concern: Minimal risk, this chemical is only used when the facility is not in operation. For example, the fogging equipment is set to run at the end of the day for a short period and allowed to dissipate overnight before production commences the next day. Elevated risk is introduced

Scientists have several methods to determine the number of microorganisms in an area such as, the direct microscopic count method, titration, filtration, dilutions and viable plate counts. This particle report demonstrates two different labs using similar methods with similar results. Both used Serial dilutions, plating and counting colonies to determine the number of bacteria and fungi in a given population. Serial dilutions of a solution containing both unknown numbers of bacteria and fungi were made. The dilutions were then plated, incubated and then finally counted to determine the total number of bacteria and fungi in the original solution.

Atmospheric deposition is the process, long recognized by scientists, whereby precipitation (rain, snow, fog), particles, aerosols, and gases move from the atmosphere to the earth's surface. Materials reaching the earth in precipitation or as dry deposition originate from a variety of air pollution sources and can be harmful to the environment and public health. Acidic deposition is the most widely acknowledged form of atmospheric deposition, with well-known effects on lakes, streams, and forests. More recently, atmospheric contributions of nutrients have received increasing attention, particularly as a source of excessive nitrogen entering the Chesapeake Bay. In addition, atmospheric deposition may be a significant source of environmental

Throughout the history of the world, imperialism has played a major role. Imperialism is one country’s complete domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. Imperialism has many positive and negative effects. The Age of Imperialism is considered 1800 - 1914. During this time Europe became a major world leader. European countries set up colonies all over Africa, Latin America, and Asia, and encouraged their citizens to populate them. European imperialism boosted Europe’s economy, and made them a world power. Imperialization had an entirely different effect on Africa, Latin America, and Asia. People of these countries were mistreated, they lost their culture, land, and self respect. The negative effects of

Contrails also require temperatures lower than minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit, and humidity of 70%, because of these low temperatures the hot exhaust from the engine flash freeze into a thin trail of ice. This vapor condenses into, “an artificial cloud for all intents and purposes.” (Wickson)The high temperatures of the exhaust hold the water in a vapor state until it combines with the cold air around it. The puffy plumes arching over the sky were unlike any contrail most people had seen, because instead of disappearing like usual these crossing trails grew and merged. “Looking toward the San, Aubuchont saw what appeared like an oil and water mixture reflecting a prismatic band of color.” (Thomas) Samples from California’s Lake Shasta and Pit River arm tributary were examined in a lab after weeks of flyovers. These tests have revealed 4,610,000 parts per million of aluminum, 4,610 time the maximum containment level. The thought of spraying fine particles of aluminum seemed utterly strange at first, but after some research they learned that this was considered necessary decades ago. “In fact the idea of spraying aluminum oxide from jet aircraft was patented by Hughes aircraft in 1990.”

Starting in the year 2004, the air pollution has reached an alarming level in the city o Toronto. Dr Barbara Yaffe, the acting medical officer of health of Toronto Public health, has released a report in July 2004 saying that the “air pollution [in the city] has contributed to over 1700 premature deaths and 6000 hospitalization admission in Toronto each year” (Yaffe, 2004, p.i). According to this report, pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and carbon monoxide have increased within the air of the city; these pollutants are tiny particles that are 2.5 micron in diameter or less and can affect people’s respiratory system and cause cardiovascular and respiratory problems such as “asthma, bronchitis in children, adult chronic bronchitis, and heart problem” (TPH, 2007, figure 1). Although it

Aerosols are particles in the atmosphere that affect reflectivity, which affect the amount of energy that enters Earth, ultimately affecting global temperature change. An example of this can be seen in volcanic eruptions. Volcanic particles that reach the upper atmosphere are able to reflect enough sunlight back to space, which can cool the surface of Earth by a few tenths of a degree for a few years (Hegerl, 2007).

An awakening transition took place in my life when I began the first steps toward my career. I quickly realized the importance of where the beginning would take me; It enhanced the vision of what I had already desired for my future.After graduating high school and taking the initiative to seek what my heart desired, I found that I was drawn to the business and healthcare industries. I decided to take my newfound discovery and become involved in business surrounding the healthcare industry with the intent to ensure quality care to patients in the business realm. Thus, directing myself on this right path of beginning my career I knew would be imperative for a successful future.

The current research demonstrates that bulk chemistry and mass measurements may be less suited for assessment than the nanoparticle’s properties of surface chemistry, surface area, and particle size. Most of the current sampling techniques utilized for measuring airborne nanoaerosols are not readily applicable to nanoparticle exposure monitoring. When possible, personal air sampling is preferable to provide an accurate representation of the worker’s actual exposure, as opposed to real-time monitoring or area air sampling exposure measurements to evaluate work practices and engineering controls.

Airborne Particle Index (API) are initially primary pollutant as originates from the dust,smoke, and fumes,lead,pollen,sulphates and nitrates,sea salt, microorganisms. On the other hand, particulates such as sulphates and nitrates can react with hydrocarbons to form organic particulates.These are categorized as seconday pollutants which are responsible for the haze, related to high concentration of oxidants in the atmosphere

Figure 1. Illustration of a total suspended particulate matter samples. From “collecting and measuring airborne particles”, (2013), http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/pollution/monitoring/air-pollution/samplers/

The world is filled with a million billion solid and liquid micro particles. These particles are known as Aerosols. Aerosols can be found in every single place imaginable, from the oceans to the mountains to the Arctic. They drift in the Earth’s atmosphere and can be as small as a few nanometer to several micrometers. While they may seem small, they have a very large impact upon the Earth and human health in general. Sources that form aerosols include smoke. Ash, and soot, making 90% of their origination from natural sources such as Volcanoes. However, since the start of the industrial age in the late 18th century, manufacturing factory plants produce the remaining 10% of aerosol in the

The aerodynamic properties of particles determine how they are transported in air and how they can be removed from it. These properties also govern how far they get into the air passages of the respiratory system. Additionally, they provide information on the chemical composition and the sources of particles. Particles have irregular shapes and their aerodynamic behaviour is expressed in terms of the diameter of an idealised sphere. The sampling and description of particles is based on this aerodynamic diameter, which is usually simply referred to as ‘particle size’. Particles having the same aerodynamic diameter may have different dimensions and shapes. Some airborne particles are over 10,000 times bigger than others in terms of aerodynamic diameter.

The project focused on three steps; 1) evaluating candidate particles, which aims to understand the ways in which light and heat radiation interacts with the aerosol particles. 2) Then the delivery system; how will we inject the particles into the stratosphere safely, and 3) climate and environmental modeling, which would show what would happen to the climate if they were to use the chosen particle and delivery method (SPICE 2016). The project focused on finding particles that are highly reflective to sunlight, not too absorptive

Aerobiology is the study of passive air transport, covering all aspects of aerial dispersal, distribution and impact of biological particles present in outdoor and indoor air (Mandrioli and Ariatti, 2001). This involves the movement and dispersal of material (once-living or living) and microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and fungi, pollen grains) in the air, which as a result may be detrimental to human health.