Essay on Introducing SMART Antennas to Improve Throughput

In order to test the effectiveness of IGA and GA when solving the timetabling problem, a comparison with the PSO algorithm was performed to investigate trends of performance. All coding was written in MATLAB code and the test case focused on the three above algorithms. All tests were executed on a 3.30 Ghz Intel core i5 processor with 16 GB of ram. The convergence graphs for IGA, GA, and PSO below shows progress until a valid solution for each of the algorithms were discovered. Each of the algorithms simulated 1,000 generations. The graph in Figure 10 - 14 provides a comparison of the proposed algorithm with the conventional population operator based algorithm.

MIMO antenna configuration is requires in spatial multiplexing. In spatial multiplexing the high rate signal is divide into low rate signals and each individual stream is transmitted from different transmit antenna which is having the same frequency channel. Spatial multiplexing is technique which is capable of increasing channel capacity at higher signal to noise

The equation for radiation resistance is given in (1). As can be seen, the greater the radiation resistance, the more energy is radiated or received by the antenna. When the radiation resistance of the antenna matches the resistance of the transmitter or receiver, the system is optimized. Antennas also have ohmic or loss resistance which decreases efficiency. It can be shown that an efficient antenna must be comparable to a wavelength in size.

In the recent years, wireless technologies have taken a new dimension in the ways society lives. Wireless broadband is available to everyone. Whether the users are at home, driving the car, sitting in the park, and it would even work while people are a pleasure boat ride in the middle of a lake. And because of this, the need to have information at any time and be connected in all places, all the time has been satisfied.

A sequence of laser beam is generated in horizontal or vertical direction at the sender’s end. It is then transmitted and the receiver measures the rate of polarization. If the rate of error is too high, then the receiver can identify that somebody tries to hack the data.

We conducted a literature review as a part of our study, of recent research in the area of sinuous antennas. From the review, it is clear that sinuous antennas are very useful due to their wideband ability and dual polarized application. Hence, we can find a number of applications where these antennas are being used. Waldschmidt et al.1 have conducted a study and evaluated the use of the sinuous antenna for wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and diversity applications. They found that in addition to being extremely broadband the sinuous antennas are also very compact. In fact, they found that when placing dipoles on the same space required by the sinuous antennas, that the sinuous would reach much greater capacities for multimode-based MIMO systems. Edwards and Rebeiz2 utilized the sinuous antenna type placement on a silicon dielectric lens. The lens had a diameter of 50.8 mm necessitating a compact design. They chose the four-arm sinuous antenna configuration as an alternative to traditional log-periodic antennas, which suffer from polarization variation versus frequency and high cross-polarization levels. Their results have shown that the lens-coupled sinuous antennas do exhibit polarization stability and low cross-polarization levels over a wide band. In addition, the antenna is very efficient, radiating only 5% of its total power to its backside. A much more recent application from Suzuki et al.3, again utilizes the silicon lens-coupled sinuous antenna as a

If you go into account why a quite cave and you yell, you may hear your voice coming back to you. That's what the radar machine does. It Emmett emits that radiowave just like your yell, and it interprets the waves when they bounced back to the machine. A radio wave is no electromagnetic radiation. All radars have four main parts; the antenna, the indicator (which is a display screen), The transmitter, and the receiver. These parts are used in the cycle. The cycle starts with the transmitter. The transmitter amidst the way. The waves can travel for miles and when it reaches the target, the wave Downs is back to the radio system and is detected by the antenna and get sent to the receiver. The receiver then take the information and it Hanses it. The information is commonly displayed on the screen called the indicator that displays the data. Most indicators are ppi indicators, also known as Plan Position Indicators. This is virtual map that has in the center of the location of the radar and will display the target according to its proximity to the radar system. The position of the target is called

A wireless network is any type of computer network that uses wireless data connections for connecting network nodes .Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business).Installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model  network structure.

Simply it can be said that the power radiated or received by the antenna is the function of angular position and radial distribution from the antenna [24]. In the fig.24 [9] below we can see the side view of the rectangular Microstrip element associated with source, and also the radiating of E fields.

CE1.20 Three virtual sectors (Usually each sectors uses 60 degree angle projection) were implemented on the antenna and each sector is shown in different colour based on the design. In the above figure, light green shows the area covered by the light green sector and so on. The coverage of the each sector can increase or decreased based on the frequency given to each of them. The design and

operation but also needs to have an appropriate proposed design. It employs two techniques to improve the radiation pattern. These techniques are the use of an angled dipole and vertical copper plates arranged on the ground plane for improvement in the radiation pattern of lower and upper bands, respectively radiation profile in both bands, namely similar gain, wide beamwidth. One of the popular techniques for broadening the patch antenna bandwidth is to incorporate a U-slot on its surface. They have the ability to confine the power in certain directions instead of scattering the power everywhere.

A variable step-size algorithm is proposed in,by focusing on achieving low residual error specifically for the acoustic echo cancellation applications and also lacks of convergence analysis. Thus, we are motivated to develop an FD step-size control for LMS algorithm. Our objective is to achieve both fast convergence and low steady-state error, and to provide theoretical analysis on the convergence. A new bin-wise block-varying step size for the FD LMS algorithm. The optimal solution of step size at each iteration is derived by cancelling the a posteriori error in each frequency bin, and its estimate is connected to the magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) function. This Performs better than the existing FD algorithm in terms of both convergence rate and mean square deviation (MSD). Furthermore, compared to the TD algorithm, the proposed method converges faster in the presence highly of correlated filter input.

High-frequency signals are transmitted toward the targets. The transmitted signal is reflected by the target and then received by the same radar.

Frequency domain methods: the peak picking (PP), the frequency domain decomposition (FDD), the enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD)

At the receiver, in order to correctly demodulate the received signal, it is necessary to know which sequence is linked to the smallest PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO among M different candidates after performing the dot product. Hence, the receiver is required to learn information about selected phase vector sequence and ensure that the vector sequence is received correctly.