Antenna

3.6.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio There should be a maximum power transfer between the transmitter and the antenna for the antenna to perform very well. This happens only when the impedance Zin is matched to the transmitter internal impedance, Zs. In the process of accomplishing this particular configuration for an antenna to perform very well, there is always a reflecting power which leads to the standing waves, which is categorized by the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). This is given by [30]:-

the area of sinuous antennas. From the review, it is clear that sinuous antennas are very useful due to their wideband ability and dual polarized application. Hence, we can find a number of applications where these antennas are being used. Waldschmidt et al.1 have conducted a study and evaluated the use of the sinuous antenna for wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and diversity applications. They found that in addition to being extremely broadband the sinuous antennas are also very compact

of antennas is vigorous and dynamic, and over the last 60 years antenna technology has been an indispensable partner of the communication revolution. Antenna has been considered an important component in the development of modern wireless communication devices. In addition to receiving and transmitting energy, an antenna in an advanced wireless system is usually required to optimize the radiation energy in some directions and suppress in others. For wireless communication systems the antenna is one

broadening the patch antenna bandwidth is to incorporate a U-slot on its surface. They have the ability to confine the power in certain directions instead of scattering the power everywhere. As a result of less power loss toward unwanted directions, the multipath and interference effects are reduced. Using wideband circularly

of Microstrip Antenna 3.1 Microstrip Antenna A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch and a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. This concept was undeveloped until the revolution in electronic circuit miniaturization and large-scale integration in 1970. The early work of Munson on microstrip antennas for use as a low profile flush mounted antennas on rockets and missiles showed that this was a practical concept for use in many antenna system problems

i23 2.7 Advantages & Disadvantages Microstrip antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and non planar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to manufacture using modem printed-circuit technology, mechanically robust and compatible with MMIC designs. When the particular patch shape and mode are selected they are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance. In addition by adding loads between the patch and the ground plane, such as pins and varactor diodes. adaptive

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Antenna Systems: Depending on the number of antennas used in the transmitting and receiving sections, the systems are divided into 4 types. 1.1.1 SINGLE INPUT SINGLE OUTPUT (SISO): Fig 1.1.1: SISO In SISO, there will be only single transmitter and a single receiver. This is the general system which we use. The simplest antenna technology is SISO. In some environments, this system is vulnerable to problems caused by multipath effects. When an electromagnetic field (EM

Microstrip patch antenna has a dielectric substrate with a radiating patch and the feed lines are etched on one side and a ground plane on the other side. The shape of the patch is not constrained (could be square, rectangular, circular, triangular or elliptical) and it is generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold. These antennas are mostly used at microwave frequencies, the fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane cause the microstrip patch antennas to radiate.

2 2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Fed by Substrate Integrated Waveguide for Radar Applications Chandan Baranwal, ME, BIT Mesra Abstract—A 2 2 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a sub-strate integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding network for 24-GHz radar applications is suggested in this paper. The microstrip patches are aperture-coupled with the feeding network comprising of a perpendicular coax-to-SIW transition and two Y-junction power dividers. The antenna design is performed in the

In this study, the discussion on a number of important issues and the state-of-the-art development of the Model for Optimizing Antenna Array Element is done. An optimal radiation pattern as well as Minimum Side lobes levels are obtained for a Rectangular antenna array using the hybridization of particle swarm and genetic algorithm optimization technique. A set of normalized complex and phase shift weights are generated by the developed optimization algorithm and the bound constrained fitness function