For the last two decades, the research and development of field emitter arrays (FEAs) and their applications have been pursued,1–3 for application to high speed electron devices,4–7 flat panel displays,8–10 light-emitting device,11–13 image sensors,14,15 miniaturized electron microscope,16,17 X-ray sources,18,19 electron sources for accelerators,20 and charge compensation device for ion implantation systems.21–25 Recent progresses in the development of FEAs have made it possible to provide active electron devices similar to semiconductor transistors or vacuum tubes,26–28 and the performance of these devices has come very close to those of discrete semiconductor devices or conventional vacuum pentodes.29 Moreover, multifunctional devices …show more content…
The improvement is due to the reduction of the work function owing to the desorption of adsorbates by temperature increase or by ion-bombardment of the emitter surface. We have demonstrated the reduction of the work function of HfN thin films by two methods: heat treatment and ion bombardment.49 The initial work function of 4.73 eV was reduced to 4.0 eV by heat treatment at 300 °C. If this is also the case with FEAs, we can obtain substantially improved emission properties. One purpose of the study is to confirm improvement of the electron emission properties due to reduction in the work function at elevated temperatures.
It is also of great importance to investigate the performance of the FEAs at elevated temperatures from the viewpoint of the development of electron devices for operation in harsh environments. The realization of electron devices that can be operated at high temperatures is strongly desired in various fields.50 Although the feasibility of FEAs at high temperatures has been suggested as one of the advantages of this kind of devices,1,29 only a few studies have observed the electron emission properties at elevated temperatures.40,41 Our recent achievements on high temperature devices such as lifetime extension at high temperatures are described elsewhere.51
In order to analyze the surface state of the emitter, an exact evaluation of the work function from the current-voltage
The figure depicts the excitation of an electron into the conduction band thus leaving a hole in the valence band. An electron-hole pair is called an exciton, and the natural physical separation between them is called the excitonic Bohr radius and is characteristic of each material. Thus when a semiconducting material approaches a size nearing its Bohr excitonic radius, the exciton is said to be confined within the particle and is called quantum
In recent years, Florida International University has been known to advocate and implement environmentally efficient solutions throughout its numerous campuses. The original home of FIU, the Modesto A. Maidique Campus was initially opened in 1969 with only a few buildings. As was typical of the time, most of the construction and systems in place were not environmentally conscious. Over the years, many buildings were added, and when it came time to create a new academic research building in February 2013, one of the goals was to try and obtain LEED Gold certification from the US Green Building Council by implementing a multitude of environmentally-responsible features.
Our activities for National FFA Week included dress up days, making teacher gift baskets, we had a bonfire/ chili cook-off social and we had a segment on our local news channel, WALB which reaches over 140,000 people! The dress up days included, hat day, FFA t-shirt day, Agricultural product day, Career day, and finally Blue and Gold day/ Silent Officer day. We also have tractors from all of our local dealerships and displayed them in front of the school. The gift baskets that we made for the teachers included a bag of peanuts and popcorn. Silent Officer Day was a day where all of the FFA officers wore a giant FFA emblem and had to be silent ALL day. We could only talk to our teachers, if we talked to another student they took our emblem and that night at the social they got to pie that officer in the face.
The purpose of the assignment is to review basic hypothesis testing and regression techniques. There is an appendix in your textbook, Appendix C: Using Excel to Conduct Analysis, which may help you with running regressions in Microsoft Excel. You may also wish to use a basic statistics text for guidance if needed. I have also provided you with a table with the t distribution.
Getting your first job is always exciting, but with it comes a lot of work. From June to the first day of school there is so much to get done! You need to meet some of your students and figure out what they have planned for the summer. Is there stuff you have students going to and what do the students expect? Once your contract starts, you must get to work.
In the study of the spectral range of 400-200 nm devices are used built on the same optical scheme as those for studying the visible range of the spectrum, the difference is only in the glass prisms, lenses, and other optical components. When measuring the intensity of UV emission, as a reference is used source in the UV region of the spectrum with known distribution of the spectral brightness (band tungsten lamp, coal arc, and synchrotron radiation). A thermocouple and graded solar cells are standard receivers in this region of the spectrum. Continue reading →
Family relationships, in many literary works, are often essential to the entire plot; not only is there hardship and agony, but confrontation and conflict that arise in the family. The pressures brought upon growing up a particular way, in addition to succeeding are all a reflection based off the parents themselves, and there standards. In Arthur Miller’s “Death of a Salesman,” the relationship between Willy and his sons, Biff and Happy Loman can be considered -- not “typical.” It is a relationship based on success and the persistence to lead a life, that in reality, cannot be lived. Willy and his relationship with his
During lab, we have designed circuits proving each of these electrical principles. Now, let's apply this knowledge to a real world application.
I am very honored and pleased that I have been awarded the Naomi M. and Elbert G. Mathews Perpetual Memorial Financial Aid Scholarship through AFSA Scholarship program. Thank you for opening this door and blessing me with this opportunity to receive this scholarship and help me pursue my education. I am about to become a junior at Florida International University studying psychology.
Some advisors are able to offer advice from the entire market and others have an additional level of licensing, which allows for restricted advice, which only pertains to certain individual. You advisor must explain to you in depth what segments of the financial market he deals with and what is right for you.
My interest for the Attorney Advisor position with the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) arises from my longstanding commitment to constantly improve myself. I have always enjoyed legal research, writing, and the complexities of intellectual property. I have no doubt that my enthusiasm to research, my eagerness to learn, and my strong ability to communicate clearly, work efficiently, accurately, and quickly, will make me an invaluable asset to the USPTO. I believe these traits combined with my unique skillset, developed as a result of experiences working for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (Diamondbacks), Nike Inc. (Nike), and the Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Liability Management Department (AG Office)
A home-made dc sputtering is characterized by cathode potential of 250-2000 V and sputtering gas pressures of (3.5×10-2 – 1.5) mbar. This paper studies in experiment the breakdown of argon, a uniform dc electric field at different discharge gaps and cathode potentials. Paschen curves for Argon are obtained by measuring the breakdown voltage of gas within at different target cu,Au,Ag, vacuum chamber . The Paschen curves in Ar gases show that the breakdown voltage between two electrodes is a function of pd (The product of the pressure inside the chamber and distance between the electrodes). Current-voltage characteristics visualization of the discharge indicate that the discharge is operating in the abnormal glow region.
The plasma-wall interaction in the presence of a strong 19 secondary electron emission (SEE) is relevant to various 20 plasma applications, including but not limited to the electric 21 propulsion,1,2 the magnetic fusion devices,3,4 and the plasma 22 processing devices.5,6 The plasma electrons bombarding the 23 plasma-facing wall surface can be scattered back to the plasma 24 (backscattering SEE) or induce the ejection of the secondary 25 electrons from the material (true SEE). Independent on the 26 nature of secondary electrons, a strong SEE can enhance power 27 losses from the plasma due to the reduction of the plasma-wall 28 sheath potential.7 These losses increasewith the increase of the 29 total SEE yield, which is defined as the ratio
(-- removed HTML --) Before we conclude the present paper, we reiterate that the obliquely propagating electron firehose mode is known to possess much higher growth rate than the strictly parallel counterpart. Linear theory of parallel and oblique firehose modes have been carried out in the literature, (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 24–34 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) and simulations of these unstable modes have also been carried out in the literature. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 35–38 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) In this regard, one may question the value of the present work. However, we should point out that simulations are strictly speaking, numerical experiments, which must be interpreted in terms of and
The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100 students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor. The reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics, especially in this computerized age that we live in, and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis.