Elevated Plus Maze Lab Report

Unknown 12 was proved to be Proteus vulgaris. This organism was a gram-negative rod growing in single. This organism, which grew on a TSA plate, was catalase positive. A drop of H2O2 was added on to the colony and it began to bubble. Therefore, the catalase enzyme was present and broke down the peroxides in to non-toxic forms H2O and O2.

Triple Sugar Iron Agar test, there was a gas production seen in the media. The media was yellow slant and yellow butt indicating glucose, lactose and/or sucrose fermentation with acid accumulation in slant and butt. For sulfur reduction, it was negative since it did not turn black in color indicating no sulfur was reduced.

My unknown organism #6 is Morganella morganii, which is a gram-negative bacillus rods commonly found in the environment and also in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as a normal flora. (3, 5) This bacterium Morganella morganii, was first discovered in the 1906 by a British bacteriologist named H. de R. Morgan. (2) Despite its wide distribution, it is an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and is most often encountered inpostoperative and other nosocomial settings. (2, 3) Morganella morganii infections respond well to appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, its

Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place. In lab this semester, a sample of unknown

Unknown lab report# 24 Introduction Microbiology is a study of organisms that surrounds us every day. It requires an educational understanding to identify organisms, and the ability to distinguish different bacteria’s. In applying the learning process of the different bacteria’s, unknown bacteria samples are given to be studied and identified.

An unknown was given to our group from the professor. The unknown was in nutrient broth, the group received unknown number 3. And the task was to identify the unknown and try to make an educated guess, and identify the unknown #3.

Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of varying the amount of a limiting nutrient, glucose, on the growth of E. faecalis. I hypothesized that higher amounts of glucose would increase the bacterial growth and decrease generation time. This outcome was expected due to the fact that when limiting nutrients are completely used up by bacteria, their population stops growing. When only the amount of glucose varied, the tube with the highest concentration of glucose, Tube D, had the highest absorbance rate and the quickest generation time and the tube with the lowest concentration of glucose had the lowest absorbance and the longest generation time.

FRIDAY, Sept. 11, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- High doses of resveratrol, a compound found in red wine and berries, may have some activity against Alzheimer's disease, a preliminary clinical trial suggests.

A recent article from BigThink, written by Philip Perry, discusses a group of researchers who have found the source of anxiety within the brain. Mazen Kheirbek, Ph.D, the head researcher of this study, stuck a miniature microscope in the brains of mice in order to find what he is now calling “anxiety cells”. Kheirbek put the mice in strenuous situations that would cause them to have anxiety, he then looked for the part of the brain that had the most activity; thus he was able to find the location of the cells. This new discovery is a big step in creating better medications for anxiety sufferers. Current anxiety medication prescribed by physicians are only partially effective at controlling anxiety; Kheirbek states that medication that can

The classical conditioning model was one of the first theories used to describe phobias. Many years ago, scientists observed that one could willingly elicit a fear response in an animal or human through systematic teaching. For example, if every time a rat is presented with a low buzzing noise, it is electrically shocked, eventually, when it hears the noise alone (with no shock), it will exhibit symptoms of fear. (3) Scientists

The experiments consisted of a variety of tests; The Morris water maze task was used to test spatial learning and memory. For four consecutive days each rat was given four trials each day. Rats were timed in how long it took them to find the invisible “land” platform in a vat of water and how well they improved with practice. An Open field-test and an elevated plus maze test was used to test for anxiety-related behaviors. Examining such behavior allows researchers to rule out any probable effects aspirin may have on depression and anxiety.

Science with all its marvels and wonders continues to press forward making extraordinary breakthroughs. Psychology plays a key role in many of sciences steps forward, each branch of psychology focusing on a specific techniques and theories. In the document the center of attention is surrounding the application of clinical psychology, this branch of psychology is unique as it all realms of an individual’s issue. Specifically speaking, anxiety is the psychological disorder that is under review through the processes of a clinical

Although the understanding of mTBI pathophysiology is incomplete, it is suggested that anxiety disorder have generally linked to the abnormalities in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (1). As a result, multiple animal models have been used to test different behavioral outcomes to evaluate the pathological effects cause by the injury model (4). While other experiments test anxiety behavior by exposing rodents to varying conditioned stimuli like electric shock or loud noises, the elevated plus maze (EPM) rely upon unconditioned fear of height and open spaces (P). Thus, the elevated plus maze is normally used to assess rodents’ innate anxiety (4). EPM also facilitates in assessing “anxiogenic drugs” as well as “anxiolytic drugs” of multiple pharmacological agents. However, methodological differences in “age, strain, or sex of the subjects includes housing or testing conditions” often attribute to the inconsistent outcomes (4). In this experiment, EPM is the primary animal model use to determine anxiety levels in induced repetitive mTBI female mice as compared to sham

To continue the research, Jordan Smoller distinguishes this section of the genetics of anxiety, “…the majority of the genetic association studies of the anxiety disorders have been candidate gene studies based on a limited number of biological hypotheses. [These are] commonly focused on genes related to monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems [(refer to the particular neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin)], neuropeptides, and HPA axis function [(hypothalaic-pituitary-adrenal axis)]” (Smoller, p. 308). Individually, settled test creature models catch critical parts of human nervousness and dread conduct, and neuroimaging considers have gained free ground in mapping the primary and practical segments of uneasiness/fear symptoms.

Anxiety is termed as a number of complicated negative thoughts such as fear, worryness, and apprehension. Individuals are capable to sense and feel the presence of anxiety in numerous situations connected to their culture and community. In addition, scholars attempted to find out the nature of anxiety from different perspectives. Spielberger and Rickman (1990) read about anxiety, depending on the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud, saying that anxiety is a nasty sensational state that is followed by the worriness and apprehension. However, too many authors have studied anxiety in regard to psychological or personal theory to learning and perceiving (Spielberg, 1966 a).in the beginning of the 1960s, the two ideas which are the state of being anxious and trait, were introduced by the two authors (ahell and scheier 1961) . The features of the anxiety condition are closely