E Chlorotica Lab Report

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light to synthesize food from H2O and CO2 within the thylakoid and the stroma of the cells. In order for photosynthesis to occur, light must be present. Light reactions occur within the thylakoids of the chloroplasts by absorbing light and H2O and producing oxygen gas, ATP, or Adenosine triphosphate, and NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. The oxygen gas is released back into the atmosphere while ATP and NADPH are inputs of the Calvin Cycle within the stroma. The Calvin Cycle uses these two molecules, in addition to carbon dioxide gas, to produce ADP, or Adenosine diphosphate, NADP+, and glucose molecules. Photosynthesis is represented by the following equation:

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

2. When 2.00 g of NaOH were dissolved in 49.0 g water in a calorimeter at 24.0 ˚C, the temperature of the

Based on the results of the test, the unknown substance was Calcium Chloride. Multiple tests were performed to determine the identity of the substance. By comparing known positive results to the unknown substance, properties could be discovered about the substance. Most tests led to this conclusion, however some tests did not follow the established properties of Calcium Chloride.

October 17, 18, and 19, samples were collected from multiple sites along the BSR. The class was split into groups, and samples were collected from seven separate locations along the river and WWTP. There was also a sample collected by the S which is located between sites four and five. For each of these sites, there were ten groups from other labs that also collected a sample from the BSR. At site two of the river, the location included multiple sources of possible contamination. A drainage site was located 200 yards upstream, along with a small PVC drainage pipe next to the collection site. Not only was there drainage running into the river, the site was under a bridge, and contained other trash scattered throughout the area. The

The central dogma of Nucleic acid is the DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into a protein. These proteins control expression of all characteristics in an organism. The DNA is broken into segments which act as blueprints for various traits of an organism. The best way to analyze DNA fragments is to amplify the fragment and place them into plasmid vectors.

In this examination, four tubes of the chloroplast (Dark, 24cm, 30 cm, and 49 cm), buffer solution, water and DPIP were set in different strengths of light to decide how the light, powerful influences the reaction rate. The response rate was measured using absorbance values in five-minute increments. The tubes were put at 24 cm away, 30 cm away, 49 cm away, and totally dull. The tube nearest the light caused the smallest absorbance value, while the dim tube had the most astounding absorbance values. As the light power builds, the absorbance esteem and rate of the response diminished.

Catechin-Cu nanoparticles were synthesized through an ultrasonic crushing method, as schematically depicted in Fig. 9, the major steps involved in producing Catechin-Cu nanoparticles. In a typical procedure, a solution containing 9 mL alcohol was prepared, in which a desired amount of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) (Mw = 1,300,000) was dissolved with magnetic stirring, at room temperature, for 2 h. The concentration of PVP was 9% by weight, followed by addition of 1 ml of mixed solution containing Catechin and cupric nitrate with molar ratios 1:2. In this method, both the cathchin and cupric nitrate were mixed in a mutually dissolving solvent, which was removed by evaporation to produce a film, and then reconstituted in a buffer solution medium

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a highly adaptive, eukaryotic single celled green algae able to assimilate nitrogen in any forms (Harris, 2001). This nitrogen is used for a variety of purposes, including the synthesis of chlorophyll, nucleic acids and proteins, and as such, is thought to play an important role in growth (Grossman, 2000).

Tissue regeneration through cell differentiation from one cell type to another is a phenomenon occurs in some species of fish and amphibians, however, mammals are incapable of reprogramming one cell lineage to achieve a similar result. Specifically, in human and mouse wound healing procedure normally generate scar with high collagen deposition, regenerated skin which lacks some features such as hair follicle and cutaneous fat. A recent study shows that a large skin wound in a mouse model is capable of regenerating hair follicles under the control of the Wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways. (1) In this article, Plikus et. al. discovered in the same mouse model; during wound healing process, cutaneous fat can be

2.1. Properties of Chlorine 2.1.1. General Chlorine has a characteristic penetrating and irritating odor. The gas is greenish yellow in color and the liquid is clear amber. The data on physical properties of chlorine as determined by different investigators show some variations.

The chloroplast consists of an outermembrane and innermembrane for protection, stomata in order for the carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit the plants, a dense fluid surrounding the membranes called the stroma, sacs called thylakoids, and chlorophyll which is the pigment that gives the leaves their color. Like the mitochondria, the chloroplast contains its own set of DNA, which gives the idea that they “evolved from symbiotic bacteria, specifically, that they descended from cyanobacteria” to scientists. In addition, scientist discovered that the chloroplast DNA was, in fact, “cyanobacterial DNA.” This discovery significantly proved the theory and allowed many scientists to approve of

Upon discovery of photosynthesis and the pathways that the molecules took during this process, chloroplasts were soon uncovered. Scientists have taken a keen interest in chloroplasts since their discovery. This review article will explore the discovery, structure, metabolic processes, regulation and the genome of the chloroplast. Chloroplast are not only vital in providing food for plant life, they are essential regulating and producing molecules for the cell. Once thought to function on their own chloroplast have their own DNA and many unique characterizes. While much has been discovered about the chloroplast there are still many unanswered questions and useful applications for these tiny organelles.

From cotton genome database, 150 protein amino acid sequences of GhTRX were aligned by Clustalx1.81 program and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA6 program with the neighbor joining (NJ) method and internal branch support was estimated with 1000 bootstrap replicates(Tamura, Stecher, Peterson, Filipski, & Kumar, 2013). Motifs were generated using MEME (http://meme.sdsc.edu/meme4_6_1/cgi-bin/meme.cgi/) and visualized with Logo (http://weblogo.berkeley.edu/logo.cgi/). MEME was run from the web server with the minimum and

Algae are ubiquitous. Chlorophyta is one of major divisions of microalgae, and it is the most common type. Chlorophyta is photosynthetic eukaryote. The cells of most green algae have a cellulose case, a vacuole with a cell juice, differentiated mucleus and chloroplast. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, which absorb red light in shallow waters. Most of green algae live in freshwater.