Disadvantages Of Hydroxyapatites

Osteoblast- cells which build bone by removing calcium and phosphates form the blood in the presence of the enzymes alkaline phosphates secrete by

Measuring Length and Diameter: We used a dial caliper to measure length and diameter. For the initial diameter, we took three measurements and averaged them to get our value. After tensile testing and the specimen broke we followed the same procedures to measure our final diameter. We initially marked two inches as our length on the dog bone specimen using the dial caliper. After testing, we held our specimen together and measured our final length.

Another component of bone and teeth is phosphorous and calcium, with calcium being required for blood clotting along with aiding in the contraction of muscles.

Tooth decay: Ca5 (PO4)3OH(s) + 4H3O+ (aq)-> 5Ca2+ (aq) + 3HPO4 2- (aq) + 5H2O (l)

Hydroxyapatite is a chemical in teeth that makes them much harder than boned. Because of this teeth do not decay, and therefore under certain conditions are still present many million years after the bones have diminished.

In 2011, Professor Susmita Bose, of Washington State University, modified a ProMetal 3D printer to bind chemicals to a ceramic powder, creating intricate scaffolds that promote the growth of bone in any shape. Prof. Bose’s goal is to, one day, be able to implant the bone scaffold with bone growth factors in such a way that the implant is dissolved by natural bone material in even load-bearing bone structures.

Bone formation – each ion composes the correct amount of bonds to form bones and teeth

Natural bone tissue possesses a nanocomposite structure that provides appropriate physical and biological properties. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the biomaterial to mimic living bone tissue. Since no single type of material is able to mimic the composition, structure and properties of native bone, nanocomposites are the best choice for bone tissue regeneration as they can provide the appropriate matrix environment, integrate desirable biological properties, and provide controlled, sequential delivery of multiple growth factors for the different stages of bone tissue regeneration. Bioactive polymer/hydroxyapatite (nano) composites are currently being intensively investigated as materials for promotion of bone tissue regeneration

Osteoporosis, also known as porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue which leads to bone fragility and an increased risks of the hip, spine, and wrist. Both men and women are affected by this (although it affects women more) but it can be prevented and treated. In the United States, more than 40 million people either already have osteoporosis or at a high risk because of low bone mass.

Calcium phosphate is found in cow milk. Seventy percent of bone and ninety percent of tooth enamel contains a calcium phosphate mineral known as bone mineral or hydroxyapatite. Calcium phosphate is often used to prevent and treat calcium deficiencies. Calcium phosphate contains 40 percent elemental calcium, tied for the highest of any calcium

"Several medical companies are developing new porous coatings for implants that promote and increase bone ingrowth and reduce bone shielding effects by the use of titanium-based foams or scaffolds," he explained. "Today's technology works by plasmaspraying the powder onto the implant.

They undergo a mineralization process to calcify the bone into a harden material. First, the matrix of the bone, a mixture of both collagen and water, plus other organic components are first laid down first. Osteoblast cells secrete type 1 collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, membrane-enclosed vesicles with alkaline phosphatase and toehr associated enzymes as well as a product known as osteoid into the matrix. The osteoblast secretions bind with calcium with high affinity and enzymes hydrolyze phosphate ions from various macromolecules creating a high concentration of ions. The high ion concetrations causes calcium phosphate crystals to form and grow to mineralize further into a compound known as hydroxyapatite. Hydroxoapatie surround collagen fibers and merge into a solid bony

Bone is a form of collagen; a protein that creates the structure and with calcium phosphate makes this structure hard and strong. Collagen and calcium make bone strong and flexible enough to withstand stress (National Library of Medicine, 2016). Bone is considered a living tissue and everyday undergoes reproduction as any other tissue. As much of 99 percent of the calcium in the body is in the bones and teeth, and the 1 percent is in the bloodstream.

Calcium phosphate crystals are very strong, but inflexible. They can withstand compression, but the crystals are likely to shatter when exposed to bending, twisting, or sudden impacts. Collagen fibers are extremely tough, but quite flexible. They can easily tolerate stretching, twisting, and bending, but when compressed they simply bend out of the way. In bone, the collagen fibers

The group 2 metal makes up 4.1% of the Earth’s crust, making it the fifth most abundant metal, and it can only be found in compounds, such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate and calcium fluoride (Royal Society of Chemistry). In the body, calcium exists as calcium phosphate to provide