Essay on Biological Warfare: Testing and Researching Toxins

“Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union and the United Kingdom were among many countries that investigated how to wage biological war.” (pg. 38) Some of these countries have biological weapons programs and even some biological weapons have been used in the past. A Russian program “known to the Soviets as “the Concern Bioreparat”, supposedly a series of laboratories and plants that manufactured vaccines and other medicinal products, was in fact a vast network of secret cities, production plants of Moscow’s germ effort. Bioreparat studied and perfected germs as weapons. President Richard Nixon’s administration became the “world’s leading advocate for a treaty banning germ warfare. Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention- prohibited the possession of deadly biological agents except for research…for vaccines, detection and protective gear. It was the world’s first treaty to ban an entire class of weapons.” (pg. 63) April 1979, an explosion at a secret military base near Soviet city of Sverdlovsk, sent a cloud of Bacillus anthracis fanning over a nearby village, leaving thousands dead. Although the Soviets, had signed the treaty, they denied allegations that this was “nothing more nefarious than tainted meat.” (pg. 77) During the Gulf War, for example, biological weapons developed by Iraq posed a threat and they might, if fact still pose a threat. While US went in search of nuclear

These biological agents could be viruses, toxins, bacteria, etc. Agents could be used in war or terrorist attacks. Also, they could be modified to cause extreme diseases and disorders, according to The Center for Disease Control and Prevention. It makes bioterrorism even more tempting to use as it is easy and inexpensive to produce, disseminate and can cause a more widespread panic than other acts of terrorism (1).

The 1995 Sarin subway attack in Tokyo and the Anthrax letters scare along with multiple attempts by terrorists both at home and abroad have illustrated the fact that terrorists are not objected to using chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction.

The Rajneeshee bioterrorism attack is the perfect example of terrorist or an extremist group taking matters in their own hands. It seems that the purpose and method of delivery was well thought out and was not irrational, Diseases have always been the enemy to man and animals, using viruses as weapons clearly presents a threat to the public and to national security.

Many ask does Herbert Packer’s theory/models work? Well, as believed by some people including myself the model which I think is a bit more effective in my opinion is the due process model. The reason I say due process model and not crime control model is because I believe that police should be given more authority to be able to better investigate crimes. Our system needs to pay more attention to the victim and their rights rather than the defendants. The reason I say that our criminal justice system should give more rights to the victim rather than the defendant is from an example; on May 2,2015 where a police officer was shot and later succumbed to his wounds was an innocent officer on the line of duty who was out on patrol doing his job

Chemical terrorism is the use of natural or synthetic substances such as mustard gas to kill a group of civilians (Freedmen 1). There is also such thing as bioterrorism. Bioterrorism is the use of a biological weapon against a civilian population such as smallpox and fungus (Hoyel 1). Chemical and biological terrorism is very dangerous because it intends to kill a lot of people at a time. Terrorists can get their hands on chemicals but it is much easier for them to get biologics (biological agents) because they are harder to detect and are cheaper to make.

First introduced in 1977 by Imperial Chemical Industries, Propofol would come to revolutionize i.v. anesthetics and surgical outcomes by decreasing the time of induction, due to its fast acting absorption properties, while also decreasing the time of postoperative stay with its minimal half-life and fast metabolic reduction. The first synthesized version of propofol took around 10 years to procure with hundreds of agents tried before it. This version of propofol showed however, through extensive clinical trials, that its solubility, derived by creating a mixture with Cremophor EL (a mixture of ethylene oxide and castor oil), caused patients to go into anaphylactic shock after administration. Soon after this discovery was made, Imperial

In fact, the former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director James Woolsey has stated that creating a biological weapon is as easy as producing beer and that even a good chemistry high school student is capable of creating a biological weapon (Gerstein, 2010). Moreover, with the increase of natural viruses such as Ebola, terrorists could carry out a biological attack without the need of having to use any technology (Cenciarelli et al., 2015). They could simply travel to the country where a transmittable natural virus is occurring and they could get infected on purpose; then, all they have to do is travel back to their target location and intentionally spread the transmittable virus among large crowds of people (Cenciarelli et al.,

Bioterrorism is purposefully releasing biological agent toxins to cause harm and terrorize people. Bioterrorism was first thought of somewhere in the 1340’s, this was when diseased horse corpses were catapulted over castle walls in France. Germ warfare was also used in the medieval times in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; human bodies were infected with the plague and used as ammunition in central Europe. During World War I Germany had attempted to infect the Allies using anthrax through livestock, which they failed in doing. By Germany attempting this it caused for Geneva Protocol, this is the restriction of chemical and biological weapons being used during war. However, the first bioterrorism occurred in the 1984 in the United States, members of the cult ha sprinkled salmonella on salad bars around Wasco County. There were 750 cases of food poisoning and another 45 cases of people being hospitalized. Many terrorist prefer to use biological agents instead of any other weapon for a few reasons that are; they can easily get there hands on them, they are inexpensive, it is hard to detect, they are easy to make and deliver.

Unconventional warfare is defined as “activities to enable a resistance or insurgency to coerce, disrupt or overthrow a government or occupying power through or with an underground, auxiliary and [or] guerrilla force in a denied area.” It includes, but is not limited to, guerrilla warfare, subversion, sabotage, intelligence activities, and unconventional

Since the Geneva Protocol only banned use of these weapons, and the weapons were so strong, several countries developed these lethal chemical weapons and stored them in surplus. But soon, laws came into place to stop that also. The Biological Weapons Convention was developed by the British and was functionable in March of 75. This was during the cold war era in fear of the lethal weapons regaining popularity.The BWC prohibited manufacturing and storing the weapons. There was also the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) which forced the destruction of currently stored chemical weapons.

The Anthrax attacks killed five and sickened at least 17. There was pressure from the president for the FBI to solve the Anthrax crime. The first suspect for the anthrax file was Steven Jay Hatfill, an American

Biological and chemical warfare is unreasonable and extremely dangerous in war. Warfare shouldn’t be fearing for your life and hoping to survive the day it should be shoot the enemy throw some explosives and fight for your country. If warfare didn’t have biological and chemicals in it, it’ll be a lot

Bioterrorism is a deliberate release of viruses in the enemy’s territory to cause terror in a community and make the people lose faith in their government. People have been doing this for a long time, people used to just hurl barrels of poisonous snakes at their enemies and they would also send dead bodies that have died from diseases and hope that it would spread, but now it is much more advanced. Scientists fear that enemies will be able to weaponize diseases such as smallpox and Ebola to use against us and since they usually mutate the diseases they will likely be even more deadly and more likely to kill more people. I feel that no one, not even America, should use diseases to get ahead in the war.

The use of biological weapons first started many years ago, it has been detected as far back as 10,000 BCE. Where hunters would use poisonous arrows to fired into the target. Biological agents were also used in World War I, by the Germans infecting the Allies horses and cattle with various microbes on both the western and eastern fronts ( ). Even though biological weapons were used for many years, it does not justify their used. Biological weapons can cause mass deaths, and they can widespread pandemics. A terrorist organization or country that want to cause injuries and death to civilian s might feel like they can justified their use of biological weapons, because they have five different categories of biological agents that they can