Annotated Bibliography On Osteosarcoma

According to statistics published by the American Cancer Society, there will be an estimated 1.5 million new cancer cases diagnosed each year over the next decade. What factors contribute to the yearly incidence

Osteosarcoma(OS) is a primary malignant tumor of bone which is characterized by the formation of osteoid tissue. Although it is the most common malignancy of long bones after multiple myeloma [2], it is a relatively rarer entity in the craniofacial region. About 6% of Oss arise in the jaws .The estimated incidence of the new cases of Jaw OS (JOS) per year is 0 .07 in 100,000. (1) The etiology of OS is unknown, but some risk factors such as a previous history of ionizing radiation, alkylating agent, retinoblastoma and benign bone lesions such as paget disease and fibro osseous dysplasia have been associated with the development of head and neck OS.(2-4) JOS occur with a peak in the third through fifth decades of life. The mean age is

Osteosarcoma is also called osteogenic sarcoma in medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). This cancer usually develops in growing bones. Although it can occur at any age, it‘s most commonly found in teenagers and young adults and is slightly more common in males than females. Any bone in the body can be affected, but the most common sites are the arms or legs, particularly around the knee joint(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). This cancer is caused by benign tumors and other bone diseases, radiation exposure, genetic factors, children, adolescents, males more than females.(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012)

Cancer is very powerful because cancer often travels to other parts of the body, and forms new tumors there. With osteosarcoma, if the cancer doesn’t spread, the survival rate is about 75%. If it spreads, the chances of survival are around 30%. Treatments can help in some cases, but other cases are fatal. Cancer is very powerful, and can kill humans because no cure has been found

Social justice is a significant topic known all too well in today's society. The topic can be defined as promoting a just society by challenging injustice and valuing diversity. It exists when all people share a common humanity and therefore have a right to equitable treatment, support for their human rights, and a fair allocation of community resources. People sometimes say that justice is when bad guys get punished, the good guys get rewarded and that everyone gets a fair go. However, what transpires when society itself is the 'bad guy'?

2). In addition, this disease causes death, short stature, blindness, and hearing loss. “Seventy percent of children with malignant infantile osteoporosis die by the age of six years, and almost 100 percent do not live to the age of 10 years” (Stocks et al., p. 2). The main cause of death is bone marrow failure, due to non-functioning osteoclasts. Some children will also have delays in muscle coordination, nerve compression, low levels of iron, crossed eyes, tooth decay, abnormal hardening of the bones, and fractures. (“Osteopetrosis,” 2008).

The first known case of osteopetrosis was reported by the German radiologist Albers-Schönberg. Osteopetrosis, by definition, is, "a disorder in which an imbalance in the formation and breakdown of bone causes bones to be overly dense, yet weak and prone to break easily". There are two main forms that osteopetrosis comes in: malignant infantile and adult. The malignant infantile form can diagnosed during or shortly after birth and can immensely shorten the infant's life expectancy. The more formal name for the malignant infantile form is, autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. The other major form, the adult form, seems to be more milder and may not be diagnosed until adolescence or adulthood. The formal name for the adult form is, autosomal dominant osteopetrosis. There are a variety of different symptoms that can become apparent but the most common symptoms seem to be: bone fractures, low blood cell levels, impaired vision and hearing, and dental problems related to infection. I have already stated how the malignant infantile form is diagnosed, but how is the adult form diagnosed? It seems that, bones in patients with osteopetrosis appear abnormally dense and chalky whitish on x-rays. Bone biopsies are generally not recommended. Doctors may also use other tests to diagnose and gain additional information about specific problems that are related to osteopetrosis.

Although I have not shadowed an osteopathic physician, my experience within the field of osteopathy derives from a more personal experience. As the patient of an osteopathic physician, I am most fascinated with the multiple modalities that my physician uses within her practice. Throughout my course of visits, I have witnessed that her practice encompasses an integrative approach in which treatments include, but are not limited to, osteopathic manipulative medicine, traditional medications and surgery. I have also noted that my primary care physician always obtained a comprehensive view of current symptoms as well as lifestyle practices. I believe that these two views allows her to detect any interconnections and assess any underlying causes

during adolescent growth, which could be why 80% of all osteosarcoma childhood cases occur in the lower long bones and at the time of puberty (Mirabello & Savage 5). The chances of a cell dividing uncontrollably are increased at a time of rapid cell growth when there is many more cells dividing that could go suddenly go uncontrolled, and therefore the answer of how osteosarcoma is ignited could lie in puberty. On the contrary, the answer may be found in a small gene that prevents osteosarcoma patients from responding well to the chemotherapy treatment.

Fresh bone can form in response to cancer spread osteoblastic, grows abnormally and causes the bone to be weak and deformed (Fischer and Quinn, 2011).

Osteosarcoma patients don’t really feel sick, but they do limp more than usual because there knee/arm is heavier and hurts a lot. The bones also start to swell and get bigger which also causes the limping to happen. Most people think that this is just “growing pains” but as they get older they get worse and the pains hurt more. With Osteosarcoma, there is also limitation to movement because of the tumor. There is a lot of bad thing that come with Osteosarcoma, but there is some ways to discover and help get rid of the tumor. Osteosarcoma is usually found out by x-ray machines. They use the x-ray to scan the tumor and to make sure that it is Osteosarcoma, or if it is another type of bone cancer. Usually once they find out about the tumor they will do a biopsy. There are two different kinds of biopsies, a needle aspiration and a surgical biopsy. Whichever they choose may change the outcome of the surgery. Now knowing that there are many bad and good things that can happen there is still one more thing to learn about. Daily

Today’s political climate is a polarizing topic. Every form of media has an opinion on it from major news outlets to adult animated sitcoms. Harry Frankfurt’s book “On Truth” is relevant to the political storm that is brewing in American society due to the manipulation of the truth by political figures and mainstream media. Frankfurt approaches the importance of truth in a unique fashion and vilifies lies and those who spread them. This directly relates to the election year and how the truth is shrouded in mystery. The Daodejing and Socrates’ writings, while both important in literature are not as pertinent to the charged political climate that is taking place in the United States right now.

Dear parents of a little five year old girl, The short story, Hansel and Gretel by Neil Gaiman and Lorenzo Mattotti is a must-read story for your daughter because it empowers young girls through the characterization of Gretel and teaches essential life lessons. On top of this, both Gaiman’s text and Mattotti’s illustrations give subtle, yet strong symbolism that emphasizes the lessons it teaches. Gaiman’s story begins with Gretel as a hopeless follower, but as the story progresses, she becomes more independent and courageous.

Ewing's sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that grows in the bones. It is usually found in longer bones of the arms or legs. The thigh bone (femur) is the bone most often affected, followed by the bones of the pelvis, lower leg, upper arm (humerus) and chest.

Bone cancer is a disease that occurs on or inside a bone. Usually, bone cancer involves a tumor filled with abnormal cells that will occasionally appear on the exterior of the bone. Similar to other types of cancer, bone cancer can be life threatening. Doctors are not completely sure what causes cancer, but they continue the search to find an answer. There are five different types of bone cancer that can affect people from ages 10-60 years old. Bone cancer can occur in any bone in the body from the legs to the head. Unfortunately, symptoms of bone cancer are not always obvious. Most of the time, pain is the most apparent symptom. When recognizing symptoms at an early stage, doctors can complete testing and supply treatment to