An Analysis Of Variation At Transcription Factor Binding Sites

The goal of this study was to induce a deletion in the DMAP1 gene on chromosome two in Drosophila melanogaster through P-element mobilization. The DMAP1 gene may be an essential gene, however not much is known about it. We attempted to uncover the function of DMAP1 by creating a series of genetic crosses and selecting for brown-eyed non-stubble male flies that may have the deletion. To test whether these flies had the deletion, we produced PCR products and ran them on an agarose gel, which resulted as inconclusive. We created a balanced stock of flies homozygous for the deletion to see if the

Thomas U, Jonsson F, Speicher SA, Knust E. Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Ser(d), a Dominant Allele of the Drosophila Gene Serrate. Genetics.

Drosophila melanogaster are commonly referred to as the fruit fly. The fruit fly is often used in genetics experiments for several reasons: they are small and easy to keep in a lab, their life cycle only spans about three weeks, their genome is short and able to be quickly read, and lastly they have X and Y sex chromosomes similar to humans. (Jennings, B. 2011). This experiment uses Drosophila melanogaster to parallel gene inheritance in humans and closely examine some of the phenomenon’s that occur in DNA.

Introduction For centuries, researchers have used Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, to study genetics. The benefits of using the fruit fly includes: its relatively short generation time, its large amount of available offspring for data, it is easy to store and handle in the laboratory and it is easily and cheaply obtained. Cross-breeding of four types of fruit flies were used in this experiment including: wild type males with normal wings vs. vestigial wing females, wild type males with red eyes vs. white eyed females, wild type male with red eyes vs. sepia eyed females, and wild type males vs. wild type females. In basic mendelian genetics, the terms dominant, recessive and sex-linked are used to describe the different types

Dobzhansky, T. (1930). The manifold effects of the genes stubble and stubbloid in Drosophila melanogaster. Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre 54: 427-457.

The Drosophila melanogaster is one of genetics most studied organisms. This is due to the Drosophila melanogaster being an excellent model organism. The Drosophila melanogaster has a short lifespan and is genetically similar to humans (Adams 2000). This experiment had three major goals. The first goal of this experiment was to determine which eye colors, body colors and wing type are dominant or recessive. The second goal was to determine if the gene for eye colors, body colors and wing type are on an autosomal or a sex chromosome. The third goal was to determine if eye colors, body colors and wing type are physically linked or independently assorting (Morris and Cahoon). First

Genes can either be sex-linked or autosomal. If a gene appears mostly in one sex chances are the gene is sex-linked and if it appears frequently in both sexes it is most likely autosomal. Using Drosophila melanogaster, also known as the fruit fly, we will determine whether the gene is sex-linked or autosomal. Drosophila melanogasters have a relatively short life span and are an excellent organism for genetic studies because it has simple food requirements, occupies little space, is hardy, completes its life cycle in about 12 days at room temperature, produces large numbers of offspring, can be immobilized readily for examination and

Studies on the genetics of other animals, such as fruit flies, can reveal more about the genes of other animals, including humans. After crossing the flies, a hypothesis can be made based on the data obtained on whether the traits are autosomal, sex-linked, recessive, or dominant. Methods Prior to this experiment, the vials used to hold the Drosophila melanogaster were made.

The Unknown Drosophila Cross Abstract: Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.. Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring from its parents (Bechtel). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. These characteristics are in a physical sense are known as phenotypes and genotypes in the genetic sense. In the lab, we studied Mendelian Genetics through a common insect of a fruit fly, formally known as Drosophila Melangaster.

This experiment looks at the relationship between genes, generations of a population and if genes are carried from one generation to another. By studying Drosophila melanogaster, starting with a parent group we crossed a variety of flies and observe the characteristics of the F1 generation. We then concluded that sex-linked genes and autosomal genes could indeed be traced through from the parent generation to the F1 generation.

Grainy-head (Grh) protein, the first member of the grainy-head-like (Grhl) family of transcription factor, was discovered in fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The transcription factors are DNA-binding proteins that are activated in certain cells and tissues, regulating expression of target genes. Mostly found in epithelial tissues, the function of Grh is highly conserved across animals including mammals and arthropods. There is only one?grh?gene in nematodes and flies, whereas three Grhl factors exist in human and mice. The two major protein isoforms transcripted by?grh, GRH-O and GRH-N, are expressed in central nervous system (CNS) and barrier epithelia, respectively. In Drosophila, the grh?gene is predominantly expressed in epithelial tissues, and mutation of?grh?can lead to severe epidermal defects because of reduced expression of cross-linking enzymes and adhesion proteins. Abnormalities in Drosophila?grh?mutants involve weak larval cuticle, pigmentation defects, and tortuous trachea. Such consequences can be traced back to the transcription of Grh-target genes, for instance?Dopa decarboxylase?(Ddc), which is necessary for cross-linking of extracellular matrix molecules. Specifically, Grh is able to bind with a?cis-element of?Ddc?and regulate larval epidermal expression.

While studying eugenics, genetics plays a detrimental role in determining heredity. Genetics is the study and behavior of genes ("Genetics"). These genes are encoded pieces of information that comes from both parents, these genes are found on any of the 23 pairs chromosomes; these chromosomes that contain genes form the human genome. 22 chromosomes all contain the same genes although slight variations of alleles, alleles are alternate forms of genes, and the 23rd chromosome contains the information for the zygote's gender.

Another key study, performed by Darlington et al, analyzed the function of dCLOCK, the CLOCK protein in Drosophila. This study confirmed the identity of dclock, investigated the function of dCLOCK in regulation of the circadian genes per and tim, and demonstrated the function of PER and TIM in an inhibitory feedback loop (Darlington et al., 1998). First, a screen for a homolog of the mouse clock gene in Drosophila was conducted using the cDNA library of adult Drosophila heads and a probe of the mClock gene. A high yield of overlap in the clones confirmed the presence of a homolog of the mClock gene in Drosophila (Darlington et al., 1998). A Southern blot of Drosophila genomic DNA with a dclock probe produced only one band, indicating that dclock is in fact a single-copy gene (Darlington et al., 1998). Dclock was then used in a Northern blot to probe RNA from the entire body of Drosophila. Results showed that the probe hybridized to RNA in the head, the body, and the appendages of the fly (Darlington et al., 1998). This showed that the expression of dclock occurs at a variety of locations (Darlington et al., 1998). The expression of dclock was then analyzed in terms of the light-dark cycle. Expression patterns during the 24 hour time period confirmed that dclock oscillates with the circadian rhythm (Darlington et al., 1998). After the initial tests to establish dclock as a circadian gene were completed, the function of the protein dCLOCK in the regulation of transcription of

1993), the latter being the best studied (Varjosalo and Taipale, 2008). Only one gene is found in the fly, with Dhh being the closest related to Drosophila hedgehog (Varjosalo and Taipale,

To explore regions of the Drosophila genome that weren’t categorized by Stark lab fragments, we used a molecular approach to design novel candidate enhancers from the ChIP sequence peaks. This approach also allowed us to create narrower fragments (approximately 1000 bp), focusing on enhancer activity and reducing the chance of background activity. Fragments containing in vivo Bcd and Otd binding signals were selected by searching between 500 bp upstream to 500 bp downstream of the primary binding peaks from ChIP sequence data (Datta, Unpublished) for Bcd Early (BcdE), Otd Late (OtdL), Otd Early (OtdE), or both BcdE and OtdL. We designed primers for the top candidate enhancers using Primer3, calculating for appropriate GC content and melting temperature (primers ordered through Integrated DNA Technologies, Iowa). Restriction enzyme sites (AscI at 5` and BglII at 3’) were incorporated into the primers. Standard PCR amplification (Chen et al.) was performed with wildtype fly genomic DNA and candidate primers. Qiagen™ kits were used for PCR purification and gel extraction.