Hedgehog Pathway Essay

Using these three articles (or more), you should tell the story of the discovery and developmental function (including the relevant signaling pathway) -

Describe the hedgehog gene using several animal examples. Be sure to explain its’ function and its’ region of activity in the body.

When examining the D. Melanogaster mutants in the lab, our group immediately noticed an apparent difference from the wild-type flies. None of the mutants were able to fly. This led us to believe that we were dealing with a wing mutation. Upon further examination, we concluded that it was the overall wing shape that prevented the mutants from flying. The wing shapes among the mutants varied in both size and shape. Some were long, while others were short. The mutant wings could be distinguished into two general classes. One division of the mutant wing was short and stubby, almost a fourth the size of the wild-type wing. The rest of the mutants ranged in wing size and length, however many mutant wings were the same length as the wild-type wings. Although the

The SUFU gene, also known as the suppressor of fused homolog, is an important part of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. The gene was first located and found to be a suppressor in Drosophilia melanogaster. The SHH pathway is controlled by several genes, with the Sufu gene being a major down regulator. Mutations with this gene can cause, among many others, medulloblastoma or cancerous brain tumors, especially in children. The Sufu gene is comprised of 12 exons and can be found on chromosome 10 at 24.32, also described as 10q24.32. (1)

Hammonds, A.S., Fristrom, J.W. (2006). Mutational analysis of Stubble-stubbloid gene structure and function in Drosophila leg and bristle morphogenesis.

Many Americans were against joining World War I because the war did not concern America and was very dangerous. Due to the growth of industrial warfare, combat was now more dangerous than ever before with the invention of the submarine and airplane. These new inventions took combat to the sky and the deep sea where humans are extremely vulnerable and death can happen within minutes. To make matters worse, these new submarines and airplanes were equipped with weapons such as the torpedo and automatic machine gun, which contributed to the killing of over a hundred thousand American men alone.

When I look at the Water Lilly I see a very peaceful place. The light tells me that it’s a sunny place. It is a soft place and I see someone playing there or laying down on the bridge having fun. I see the way he used the different colors in the artwork.

Drosophila melanogaster, or the common fruit fly, is a holometabolous insect, meaning it has larval and pupal stages before becoming an adult. At the beginning of development, the D. melanogaster eggs go through syncytial development, which allows for a unique pattern of development. Furthermore, as the egg develops it is surrounded by a thick layer called the chorion, and as two respiratory filaments and a micropyle. Once the egg develops into a larva, it goes through a first, second and third instar stage. In the third instar stage, the imaginal discs and salivary glands develop. The imaginal discs are pockets of epithelium cells that form the adult structures of the organism, including the wings, halters, legs antennae and eyes. The salivary glands are large cells that contain large polytene chromosomes that can be observed when the the glands are stained and squashed.

It's been said that Connor McDavid was the second coming of Sidney Crosby - and then it was said that Auston Matthews was the second coming of McDavid. So it has been every year with the first overall pick, and so it goes.

Introduction: In this experiment we followed the inheritance of mutant and wild-type alleles of the eye color gene in Drosophila. The wild type for eye color is known as brick red. It is created by the combination of two types of pigments, which are pteridines (red pigments) and ommochromes (brown pigments). Two parallel biochemical pathways produce these pigments.

The second stage occurs during the outward growth of the distal limb regions which depends greatly on sonic hedgehog expression at week 6 day 52 is when hand is fully formed. In both stages HOXD genes are critical since they are involved in initiation of shh expression during the earlier stage and mediation of shh signaling from within the limbs during the second stage. The resulting phenotype of HOXD13 mutants display limb malformations. There is much fewer missense and nonsense mutations in HOXD13 and the most common mutation is the addition of 7-14 in the N-terminal polyalanine repeats of the HOXD13 gene. When the gene is abnormal from the polyalanine repeat mutation, it produces an abnormal protein which destabilizes the normal protein confirmation, causing aggregation. Once this occurs, it halts the protein translocation which occurs from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor. Additionally, the size of the polyalanine repeats directly correlates with the severity of

Furthermore, Hedgehog Signalling Pathway in the malignant tumor cells plays a key role in aggravating the disease. Activation of Hedgehog Pathway leads to metastasis through various mechanisms like increase in protein expression, angiogenesis etc. Hedgehog signalling begins in the stroma cells. Stroma cells are dense supporting tissue, it consists of fibroblasts, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and extracellular matrix proteins, collagens I and III and fibronectin. It influences the biological properties of the tumor. It has been proven in previous in-vivo studies that the PSC’s promoted tumor growth and metastasis through cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation in dose-dependent manner. Hedgehog Signalling remains inactive

The Pax gene family encodes for highly conserved DNA-binding transcription factors that play a vital role in embryonic development. All Pax proteins have a paired-box, DNA-binding domain of 128 amino acids located at the amino-terminal end, and is very highly conserved in Drosophila melanogaster, human, and mouse genes (Mansouri et al. 1996). Each different paralogous Pax gene has a crucial role in D. melanogaster and vertebrate development in terms of morphogenesis, organogenesis, cell differentiation, and oncogenesis (Mansouri et al. 1996). However, in this paper, the importance of Pax6’s discovery, mutations, and signaling pathway will be emphasized. It is worthy to note that Pax6 does not operate in a hierarchical linear signaling pathway but instead, in a massive network with numerous feedback loops. It is impossible to cover all possible feedback loops; therefore, the focus of the signaling pathway will be on the lens placode.

Transcription factors of the bHLH family have a diverse set of regulatory factors which are linked to the induction and progression of cell differentiation as

Top3β-C666R variant lacked its ability to rescue abnormal synaptic branches and boutons numbers at NKJs of Drosophila