Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fluorouracil

However, the majority of known anti-cancer drugs target normal cells as well. Methotrexate, formerly known as amethopterin, is an antimetabolite used in the treatment of some forms of cancer (Shacter and Law, 1956). It inhibits the function of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) by tightly binding to the enzyme. Following this slow interaction between methotrexate and DHFR, an enzyme-NADPH-inhibitor complex is formed (Stone et al., 1984). Therein, DHFR is rendered unable to catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate (Anderson, 2017). Tetrahydrofolate is an important methyl group shuttle in the de novo synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and some amino acids (Barbara and Hiroshi, 2002). Therefore, eliminating it from cells is a good therapeutic strategy against cancer cells, as it would limit the de novo synthesis of purines and pyrimidines (Lane and Fan, 2015). Inhibiting the function of DHFR by its competitive inhibitor methotrexate is one such good therapeutic strategy, as it would disable DHFR from converting dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate. However, some types of cancer cells had acquired some forms of resistance against methotrexate (Hans et al., 2011). Equally important, methotrexate should be administered in well established low doses, because it affects

The aim of this work is to compile support and opposition for the motion ‘should we artificially fluoridate our water supply’. Scientific literature has been used throughout in order to provide reliable points. Some personal views and points have been expressed.

NT5C2: A gene involved in the maintenance of purine/pyrimidine nucleotides. NT5C2 contains a phosphotransferase active site which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 6-hydroxypurine nucleoside 5'-monophosphates, and encodes for a 5’-nucleotidase enzyme responsible for this dephosphorylation. Furthermore, NT5C2 regulates the level of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) pools in cells through hydrolysis.

Are you aware that fluoride that is used to help keep teeth healthy is actually a harmful compound. The number of products that contain fluoride is actually quite high. Many people may not know it is also in our drinking water. The scary thing is fluoride is now classified as a neurotoxin.

MTHFR gene is situated toward the end of the short arm of chromosome 1. The protein assumes a focal part in folate digestion by irreversibly changing over 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5, 10-MTHF) to 5-MTHF, the prevalent coursing type of folate. 5-MTHF assumes a critical part in one-carbon digestion and DNA methylation. It gives a methyl gathering to homocysteine in the era of S-adenosylmethionine, a noteworthy wellspring of methyl gatherings in the brain. Also, homocysteine and its metabolites may have a direct excitotoxic impact on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in the mind and may repress methylation forms in the nervous system; thusly, its change is

The measured add-on of fluoride to the public water supply to decrease tooth decay is water fluoridation. Depending on where the water is coming from, most water supplies has a naturally happening fluoride concentration, but is generally low and does not help. To help, fluoride is being added into public water at a continuous concentration to reach that naturally occurring limit and no more. There are advantages to fluoride being added to the public water, but there are also controversial disadvantages.

The role of FXR nuclear receptor in hepatic glutamine has been also investigated. It is believed that this receptor and its ligand are involved in the regulation of glutamine and glutamate metabolism [40, 41]. Some studies have still related the importance of hepatic metabolism of glutamine in hepatic encephalopathy [42] and cancer

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-containing inhalers, or CFC propellants, were commonly used in US inhalers prescribed to treat asthma and COPD (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344).   However, CFC is an organic compound that accumulates in the stratosphere (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344). CFC causes deleterious effects on the atmosphere and thus reduces the protective effects the stratosphere has in minimizing ultraviolet B radiation (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344).  “The World Health Organization estimated that a 10% decrease in stratospheric ozone levels would lead to an additional 300,000 non-melanomas and 4500 melanoma skin cancers worldwide annually” (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344).

Fluoride is not a beneficial mineral to dental patients because it is harmful. According to the American Cancer Society, “Researchers found evidence of cancer-causing potential of fluoridated drinking water in male rats based on the higher than expected number of cases of osteosarcoma. Fluoridation might affect the risk of osteosarcoma based on the fact that fluoride tends to collect in parts of bones where they were growing” (“Water Fluoridation and Cancer Risk”). Fluoride can potentially cause osteosarcoma, which is bone cancer. Any type of cancer is not presumably an advantage. A patient that receives such a cancer from toothpaste or fluoridated water should really be a concern. This can be nowhere near beneficial to anyone. Dr. Mercola

Efforts to find a drug to be capable of increasing the ability to cope with oxidative stress have long been made in the treatment of FRDA. Based on the characteristics of SS-31, a mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant, we chose it to treat the lymphoblasts derived from FRDA patients as a potential drug. Very strikingly, we found that SS-31 treatment increased the expression of FXN (Fig. 1). This pushed us to evaluate the value of the peptide. First, we optimized the condition to induce the expression of FXN and found that the protein level of FXN increased in a dose dependent manner. The optimal concentration of SS-31 was determined within the range of 20 to 50

Currently, the majority of the United States is fluoridating with industrial waste without sound scientific evidence of the potential environmental and health impacts. The American Dental Association and other governmental agencies rely on bad science that was done over seventy years ago to justify water fluoridation. The governmental agencies continue to claim it safeguards against cavities. However, recent studies have proven there is no correlation between fluoride and cavity prevention. Communities without fluoridation are shown to have the same decline in cavities as non-fluoridated communities. These results can be attributed to improved diets and dental healthcare. Furthermore, the studies that are being conducted on health prove that fluoridation irreversibly harms the body. Extensive studies on the effects of fluoridation in the environment also need to occur.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among men and women in the United States, and mutations in the MUTYH gene significantly increase the risk of developing polyps that may evolve into cancer.1,2 Biallelic mutations in the MUTYH gene can lead to MYH-Associated Polyposis (MAP), which causes the growth of dozens to hundreds of polyps, furthering increasing the risk for colon cancer.2 Meanwhile, recent studies have shown that both biallelic and monoallelic mutations can contribute to bladder, ovarian, gastric, hepatobiliary, endometrial, and breast cancer.3 The MUTYH gene itself codes for the MYH glycosylase enzyme, which repairs mistakes in DNA caused by reactive oxygen species.3,4 Also a sign of oxidative stress, the oxidation product, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (OG), mimics thymine, eventually matching with adenine and resulting in a complete loss of the cytosine-guanine pair.4 MUTYH removes the undamaged A base from the mismatched pair, aiding in the correction of such damage.4 However, when MUTYH is mutated, there is an increase in G to T mutations, which can eventually affect the tumor suppressor genes APC and K-ras and lead to tumor formation.4 The MUTYH variants Y165C and G382D are the most common mutations seen in individuals with MAP, and for this reason are of great interest in research working towards reducing the risk of colorectal cancer.2,4 In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas system for gene editing has become the preferred method for

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are lab made chemical compounds that are linear and cyclic hydrocarbons who have a low molecular weight. Liquid Perfluorocarbons are formed when hydrogen ions in hydrocarbons have been replaced with fluorine atoms since they are neutral chemical compounds (Veni et al. 39). Perfluorocarbons are also chemically inert—not chemically reactive—due to the strength of the carbon-fluorine bonds (Anilkumar et al. 478). Perfluorocarbons are made into Perfluorocarbon artificial blood by adding water, salt and phospholipid surfactants to it, then the solution is then emulsified through high pressure homogenization—when two non-soluble liquids are turned into an emulsion—the solutions is then purified through a high temperature

This provides the sole de novo pathway for production of dTMP and is the only enzyme in folate metabolism in which the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is oxidised during one-carbon transfer.[4] The enzyme is essential for regulating the balanced supply of the 4 DNA precursors in normal DNA replication: defects in the enzyme activity affecting the regulation process cause various biological and genetic abnormalities, such as thymineless death.[5] The enzyme is an important target for certain chemotherapeutic drugs. Thymidylate synthase is an enzyme of about 30 to 35 Kd in most species except in protozoan and plants where it exists as a bifunctional enzyme that includes a dihydrofolate reductase domain.[4] A cysteine residue is involved in the catalytic mechanism (it

According to the oral cancer foundation, “Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy works by interfering with the cancer cell's ability to grow. It is one of the three main methods utilized to treat cancer.” With cancer being a potentially fatal disease it is important to diagnose it as soon as possible. the oncologist have to study the chemicals used so that they can determine what chemicals will treat the cancer or disease the best and what chemicals can be mixed together without any major side effects. The drugs can be divided into groups based on how they work, their chemical structure, and their relationship to other drugs.