A Study of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition
【Abstract】With the concept of autonomy being part of the mainstream of research and practice within the field of language education, the study of learning strategies in L2 acquisition has drawn much attention. This paper discusses the issues covering the fundamental aspect: identification and classification of learning strategy. The problems are reviewed concerning the definition and classification of learning strategies and then the paper tentatively introduces Cohen’s approach to defining learning strategies in terms of prototypicality of features of learning strategies.
【Key words】learning strategies; definition; classification
Introduction
Second language teaching in recent
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Cohen (1998) : Learning strategies are learning processes which are consciously selected by the learner. The words “consciously select” are important because they demonstrate the special character of strategy.
Wenden(1998): Learning strategies are mental steps or operations that learners use to learn a new language and to regulate their efforts to do so.( as cited in Ellis, 1994, p. 531)
The above definitions show that no researchers define language learning strategies in exactly the same way. All these definitions provide insights into understanding the process of learning a language. How to define learning strategies is crucial in underpinning the framework of researchers’ study. Definition is fundamental to laying the foundation for the areas of research. However, these definitions of language learning strategies reveals some problems. “Learning strategies” is such a broad word that it can refer to the general approaches or specific techniques used to learn a language. Maybe it is the main reason why the definitions are atheoretical. There are other two problems: Are learning strategies to be perceived of as behavioural or mental? Are learning strategies conscious and intentional or subconscious?
A Study of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition http://www.12edu.cn 2009-2-24 12:12:19 我说两句
【Abstract】With the
Another components of the SIOP framework is Strategies. Strategies would include techniques, methods, and mental processes that enhance comprehension for learning and retaining information. It is important to have Strategies in SIOP to help language development because as stated in the SIOP, “English Language Learners can benefit from knowing specific strategies to use that increamse comprehension including the following: Survery, Question, Read, Review Recite, Quextion in a Can, Gallery Walks, Split Page Note Taking, and Similarties and Differences Using a Venn Diagram.” Therefore, the teacher would use scaffold throughout the lesson and decrease the support of the teacher as students acquire experience. Interaction is an important
An intervention would need to be very careful in this situation, for the reason that an intervention may be in contrast to the native religion beliefs. By reason of many natives indicating to spirit obstruction as to experiences that cannot be explained. I believe organizations will need to be discreetly disclosed Kereta's strange experience as likely a development, symptoms of a psychological disorder, while being respectful to the native’s religion and beliefs
Based on the studies and information regarding learning preferences, the question is then posed, does teaching strategy need to align with a students learning preference in order to be most effective for learning? The answer to this question according to studies is yes. Every student is different, and learns at a different pace, using different strategies, and have different levels of readiness, interest and motivation. (Gardner 2001) According to Howard Gardner, a Harvard educated developmental psychologist, as teachers, we need to employ multiple teaching modalities for optimal student learning. This includes the use of visual and audio media, verbal regurgitation of information processed, and written discussion of ideas learned.
Many popular theories of second language acquisition have been analyzed throughout history. The socialization of L2 learners, their present emotional state that is present at time of acquisition, as well as the comprehensible input and output with the use of scaffolding play a major role in second language acquisition. Let us also not forget the importance of written expression as well as reading comprehension with these L2 learners. Each play a role in language development. However, I believe that in acquiring a language, one must use a variety of techniques that work together to create a balance within the learning environment. Furthermore, all L2 learners learn differently and so a variety of resources will need to be used based on the ability of each student. There are many theories that have been developed by highly qualified experts in the field on linguistics. However, I will address those areas that I agree with as I present my personal theories on second language acquisition.
Trying to accommodate different students learning styles in an English learning classroom can be overwhelming. Having good teaching strategies can help English learning students learn more effectively. Using the best strategies will ensure all students in the classroom have an effective learning environment. There are many instructional strategies that teachers can use in the classroom.
This student’s preferred learning strategy compared to the learning strategy provided by V.A.R.K. is almost identical. The learning strategies that have been used throughout her education have always netted good results, which is evident by her grades. In the past other students have commented about her learning style and the amount of time spent on note taking, outlines, and writing out note cards, but she has perfected this process for her learning style.
My preferred learning style is the “How”. In order for me to learn or memorize new skills, concepts, or techniques, I have to do them myself.
Presently there is a rising number of English Language Learners (ELLs) entering into classrooms all over the country. According to the three research studies that I utilized, there are several varied assessment approaches for teaching ELLs in reading (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006; Dreher, & Letcher-Gray, 2009; Ebe, 2010). English Language Learners (ELLs) consistently struggle with some aspects of reading because, they lack background knowledge in terms of the generalized text selections, which they are often given (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006; Dreher, & Letcher-Gray, 2009; Ebe, 2010). The data across all three journal documents agrees that there is an achievement gap where ELLs
Many popular theories of second language acquisition have been analyzed throughout history. The socialization of L2 learners, their present emotional state that is present at the time of acquisition, as well as the comprehensible input and output with the use of scaffolding play a major role in second language acquisition. Kirsten Hummel states, “The one most effective way to increase L2 competence was by exposure to ‘comprehensible input’.” (Hummel, 2014, p. 73) Let us also not forget the importance of written expression as well as reading comprehension with these L2 learners. Each plays a role in language development. However, I believe that to acquire language one must use a variety of techniques that work together to create a balance within the learning environment. Furthermore, all L2 learners acquire language differently and so using a variety of resources that are based on the ability of each student is neccesary. There are many theories that have been developed by highly qualified experts in the field of linguistics. However, I will address those areas that I agree with as I present my personal theories on second language acquisition.
What makes a piece of writing Romantic? Washington Irving does a good job of making his short story “Rip Van Winkle” a Romantic piece of literature. The love of nature, escape from reality, and search for individual identity make Washington Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle a Romantic piece. The love of nature, including the artificiality of the city, wild landscapes, and symbols of the natural world, is one of the attributes that makes writings Romantic.
Within this paper we will take a brief look at the Language Acquisition Principles and how they work on the behalf of ELL students. We will see how these principles can be applied within our own learning environment. There is much information from Walqui article that gives a brief overview of ELL students and how things looked in the past for these students. Now that times has change we will see how educators can make the requirements for ELL students better and more effective for teacher and students. Hopefully, as we look at ways of changing learning for our ELL students we must remember that every student learns differently. Even if you follow the principles from
Since, the second language is an additional language after we acquire the first language, the L2 learning process can be influenced by the L1 learning process This essay will demonstrate the similarities and differences in L1 and L2 acquisition by discussing various theories. Then, draw a conclusion based on the evidence provided and my own experience.
The system of law over the years has changed dramatically with new technology and changing of methods and laws. One thing on the other hand has not changed and that’s the death penalty. Over the years the death penalty is now in discussion for one of the most controversial decision’s the court system can make. With all the questionable debut about what’s right and wrong the people of the United States know there are two groups of opinions. If the death penalty is still a reasonable option in today’s society, or if it is inhumane. The death penalty has many views from different people’s perspectives but everyone has their pros and cons and how it should be handled.
My seminar provided an overview of chapter 4- explaining second language learning. During my introduction, key points from each of the 5 perspectives were discussed. The cognitive perspective was given priority as it contained many subcategories within itself. This section also allowed my group mates to connect theory and practice of second language learning. My group mates were able to connect to the noticing hypothesis, processability theory and the three principles of practice through their own personal experiences while learning a second language. The first discussion question asked my group members to evaluate their own understanding of how language learning occurs and compare it with the perspectives we covered. The second discussion question provided them a chance to assess each perspective and think of one weakness and one strength for each. Overall if I were to re-do my seminar, I would like to provide more attention to the other perspectives. I would add more discussion questions in order to stimulate more in-depth discussions. Similarly, adding supplemental information from an outside source to further discussion and connect the theories to pedagogy. Additionally, I would create an activity that focused more on teaching of a second language and how these theories have influenced the current practices used.
In our everyday lives, the origin of our ability to communicate is usually not often taken into consideration. One doesn't think about how every person has, or rather had at one time, an innate ability to learn a language to total fluency without a conscious effort – a feat that is seen by the scientific community "as one of the many utterly unexplainable mysteries that beset us in our daily lives" (3).. Other such mysteries include our body's ability to pump blood and take in oxygen constantly seemingly without thought, and a new mother's ability to unconsciously raise her body temperature when her infant is placed on her chest. But a child's first language acquisition is different from these