GABA is a neurotransmitter that binds to ligand-gated chloride (Cl-) ion channels, causing Cl- to move into the post-synaptic cell. A transporte protein moves GABA back into the presynaptic cell to terminate the effect of the neurotransmitter. If a neurophysiologist applies a drug that blocks this transporter protein, what would you expect to happen to the frequency of action potentials in the post-synaptic cell relative to the case with no drug? O A. Increase in the frequency of action potentials O B. Decrease in the frequency of action potentials O C. No effect
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- Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and presynaptic excitatory neuron B terminates on the same postsynaptic cell on a dendrite located on the side of the cell body opposite the axon hillock. Explain why rapid firing of presynaptic neuron A could bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold through temporal summation, thus initiating an action potential, whereas firing of presynaptic neuron B at the same frequency and the same magnitude of EPSPs may not bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold.Photoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?An undisclosed drug (Drug A) is a drug that can block voltage-gated K+ channels when being introduced into the bloodstream. Explain the effects of Drug A on the action potentials produced by a neuron. If Drug A could be applied selectively to a presynaptic neuron that releases an excitatory neurotransmitter, analyse how would it alter the synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter on the presynaptic cell. Remark: The word count limit (250 words only), no less than 100 words
- Depression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?After an action potential has been initiated, there are two processes that prevent the membrane from remaining depolarized forever. What are these two processes? activation of ligand-gated channels activation of the Na/K pump activation of voltage-gated K+ channels activation of voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivation of ligand-gated channels inactivation of the Na/K pump inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channelsMatch the events listed with their order in the mechanisms behind the firing of an action potential under normal conditions (without tetrodotoxin present in the man's body). The cell has a resting membrane potential of -65 mV. You should match these events at the initial segment of a bipolar neuron. Please note that this is a sequence question. Although not an option below, you should consider that neurotransmitters are bound to ligand-gated receptors causing EPSPs. Now, put the process in the correct sequence: **arrange from 1-10
- Let’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron. A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why? B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)A chemical synapse is a type of synapse that occurs between two neurons and between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers (i.e. at a Neuromuscular junction, NMJ). Compare and contrast the specific events that occur at chemical synapses at these two sites. Describe clearly how they are similar and how they are different, starting at the arrival of a nerve impulse at the pre-synaptic neuron and ending up with the changes observed at the postsynaptic membranes.Given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse? 1. neurotransmitter binds with receptor 2. sodium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm 3. action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane 4. ion channel opens to allow particular ion to enter cell 5. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 O 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 O4, 3, 1, 2, 5 O 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
- After discussing his case with his physician, he learned that he had probably been the victim of pufferfish poisoning. The active toxin in the tissues of this fish is a chemical called tetrodotoxin (TTX). Tetrodotoxin is in a class of chemicals known as neurotoxins because it exerts its effects on neurons. The specific action of tetrodotoxin is that it blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Define the following phrases and terms associated with the signs and symptoms of Dr. Westwood’s TTX poisoning: diaphoresis motor dysfunction paresthesias cyanotic hypoventilating bradycardia gastric lavage oxygen saturation As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. What is a voltage-gated sodium ion channel and what is its function? When nerve cells are at rest, there is an unequal amount of positive and negative charges on either side of a nerve cell membrane. This charge difference creates an electrical potential.…Draw details of the repolarization phase of an action potential from the following descriptions of the sequences of AfterHyperPolarization (AHP) and AfterDePolarization (ADP) sequences. Make the distinct phases clear and noticeable (5 % each) A complex AHP consisting of a first component AHP, an ADP, and a second component AHP before repolarization to resting membrane potential a first fast AHP component, followed by a slower AHP, followed by a fast ADP, and a second late AHP component before repolarization to restYou are examining a postsynaptic neuron that has a resting membrane potential of -70 mV and a threshold of -55 mV. If an inhibitory presynaptic neuron creates an IPSP of -5 mV and two excitatory presynaptic neurons have EPSPS of 10 and 12 mV, will the postsynaptic neuron fire an action potential if all three pre- synaptic neurons fire at the same time? In your answer describe EPSPS, IPSPs, temporal or spatial summation as appropriate.