2. Researchers have discovered significant changes in the gene of some protein, which is a substrate for the insulin receptor. What impact on the insulin signal transduction would such changes have? For the answer: a) draw the scheme of insulin signal transduction in the target cell; b) name proteins and enzymes, activated by insulin in the target cells; c) explain the functions of these enzymes.

2. Researchers have discovered significant changes in the gene of some protein, which is a substrate for the insulin receptor. What impact on the insulin signal transduction would such changes have? For the answer: a) draw the scheme of insulin signal transduction in the target cell; b) name proteins and enzymes, activated by insulin in the target cells; c) explain the functions of these enzymes.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Which of the following would result in an INCREASE in BLOOD glucose levels ? choose all of the options that apply. a)AKT mutation that makes it inactive b)A mutation in TBC1D4 that renders it inactive at all times. c)RAB10 has a mutation that boosts its GTPase activity. d) GSK3beta has a mutation that makes it always off. e) The insulin receptor has a mutation that precludes dimerization.
WA 82. Regulation of cellular metabolism by insulin requires activation of the insulin-receptor substrate protein-1 (IRS1). Some individuals who have type 2 diabetes mellitus have mutations in the IRS1 gene. Which of the following normal steps in insulin signaling is most likely to be impaired by these mutations? A) Cleavage of IRS1 by the insulin receptor B) Phosphorylation of IRS1 by the insulin receptor C) Production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate by IRS1 D) Stimulation of a G protein by IRS1 E) Synthesis of diacylglycerol by IRS1
4. Receptors for steroid hormones … a) are typically expressed on the plasma membrane. b) are ligand-activated transcription factors. c) are associated with trimeric G-proteins. d) a and c e) a, b and c
6. Increasing the aldosterone secretion during prolonged muscle activity in hot weather allows you to compensate for the sodium loss in sweat and remove the accumulated excess of potassium. Explain these biological effects of the hormone during exercise. For answer: „Total Signal transduction starting with hormon recopios, e) explain the role of the hormone in the regulation of gene transcription and translation; d) describe the role of proteins that have their synthesis regulated by aldosterone.
6. Increasing the aldosterone secretion during prolonged muscle activity in hot weather allows you to compensate for the sodium loss in sweat and remove the accumulated excess of potassium. Explain these biological effects of the hormone during exercise. For answer: suruction starting with nonmonė c) explain the role of the hormone in the regulation of gene transcription and translation; d) describe the role of proteins that have their synthesis regulated by aldosterone.
Although insulin initially acts through a tyrosine kinase receptor it also subsequently results in activation of a Ser/Thr protein kinase. Which one? A) Protein kinase A B) Protein kinase B C) Protein kinase C D) Ras E) Phosphoinositide-3-kinase
32. During a study of insulin response, a healthy nonobese 24-year-old woman consumes four pancakes with maple syrup and drinks two glasses of apple juice. The insulin released in response to this meal binds to its receptor and activates the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Under these conditions, activation of which of the following in the liver is most likely to occur in this subject? A) Glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) B) Glycogen phosphorylase C) Glycogen phosphorylase kinase D) Glycogen synthase E) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Novolog differs from "normal" insulin in that: Select one: a. An aspartic acid has been substituted for proline at B28 b. The proline at B28 and the lysine at B29 have been reversed c. A glycine has been substituten in at A21, and two new arginines have been added as B31 and B32 d. A "C-peptide" chain has been added e. The usual insulin molecule has been combined with zinc isophane
2. The Ca2+ ATPase pumps on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane play an important role in muscle contraction. In patients with muscular dystrophy, there is some evidence that shows the expression of the Ca2+ ATPase pumps is diminished (there are fewer). Which of the following cellular effects may be a result of the diminished number of Ca2+ ATPase pumps? A)Reduced Ca2+ release through the RyR B)Reduced Ca2+ uptake into the SR C)Slowed activity of the Na/K pump D)Reduced communication between the DHP receptor and the Ca2+ ATPase pumps E)Reduced communication between the DHP Receptor and the Ryanodine receptor
Describe the signal transduction pathway for Two or Three of the following: a) ß-adrenergic (epinephrine) receptor b) Histamine receptor (hint: this is a Go type receptor) c) Growth hormone receptor d) Epidermal growth factor receptor e) Insulin receptor Make sure to cover all the principal steps within molecular circuits in the specifically chosen signal transduction pathway. Also, be clear on which exact receptor and pathway you are describing. You can support your answer with a drawing, but do not forget to describe it.
Which 2 endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium level:a) anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex b) thyroid and ovaries c) adrenal cortex and thyroid d) parathyroid and anterior pituitary e) thyroid and parathyroidWhat is the role of calcium at the synaptic terminal?Explain the active site theory of enzyme functioning?
When the inhibitory Ga (Gia) protein is mutated and increases its intrinsic GTPase activity, a) Adenylate cyclase become more active b) Gia becomes more active c) Both a and b d) Neither a or b