1 Introduction: The Nature Of Science And Physics 2 Kinematics 3 Two-dimensional Kinematics 4 Dynamics: Force And Newton's Laws Of Motion 5 Further Applications Of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, And Elasticity 6 Uniform Circular Motion And Gravitation 7 Work, Energy, And Energy Resources 8 Linear Momentum And Collisions 9 Statics And Torque 10 Rotational Motion And Angular Momentum 11 Fluid Statics 12 Fluid Dynamics And Its Biological And Medical Applications 13 Temperature, Kinetic Theory, And The Gas Laws 14 Heat And Heat Transfer Methods 15 Thermodynamics 16 Oscillatory Motion And Waves 17 Physics Of Hearing 18 Electric Charge And Electric Field 19 Electric Potential And Electric Field 20 Electric Current, Resistance, And Ohm's Law 21 Circuits And Dc Instruments 22 Magnetism 23 Electromagnetic Induction, Ac Circuits, And Electrical Technologies 24 Electromagnetic Waves 25 Geometric Optics 26 Vision And Optical Instruments 27 Wave Optics 28 Special Relativity 29 Introduction To Quantum Physics 30 Atomic Physics 31 Radioactivity And Nuclear Physics 32 Medical Applications Of Nuclear Physics 33 Particle Physics 34 Frontiers Of Physics expand_more
Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1CQ: In terms of radiation dose, what is the major difference between medical diagnostic uses of... Problem 2CQ: One of the methods used to limit radiation dose to the patient in medical imaging is to employ... Problem 3CQ: Isotopes that emit (radiation are relatively safe outside the body and exceptionally hazardous... Problem 4CQ: Why is radon more closely associated with inducing lung cancer than other types of cancer? Problem 5CQ: The RBE for lowenergy s is 1.7, whereas that for higher-energy s is only 1. Explain why, considering... Problem 6CQ: Which methods of radiation protection were used in the device shown in the first photo in Figure... Problem 7CQ: What radioisotope could be a problem in homes built of cinder blocks made from uranium mine... Problem 8CQ: Are some types of cancer more sensitive to radiation than others? If so, what makes them more... Problem 9CQ: Suppose a person swallows some radioactive material by accident. What information is needed to be... Problem 10CQ: Radiotherapy is more likely to be used to treat cancer in elderly patients than in young ones.... Problem 11CQ: Does loud irradiation leave the food radioactive? To what extent is the food altered chemically for... Problem 12CQ: Compare a low dose of radiation to a human with a low dose of radiation used in food treatment. Problem 13CQ: Suppose one load irradiation plant uses a 137Cs source while another uses an equal activity of 60Co.... Problem 14CQ: Why does the fusion of light nuclei into heavier nuclei release energy? Problem 15CQ: Energy input is required to fuse medium-mass nuclei, such as iron or cobalt, into more massive... Problem 16CQ: In considering potential fusion reactions, what is the advantage of the reaction 2H+3H4He+n over the... Problem 17CQ: Give reasons justifying the contention made in the text that energy from me fusion reaction... Problem 18CQ: Explain why the fission of heavy nuclei releases energy. Similarly, why is it that energy input is... Problem 19CQ: Explain, in terms of conservation of momentum and energy, why collisions of neutrons with prawns... Problem 20CQ: The ruins of the Chernobyl reactor are enclosed in a huge concrete structure built around it after... Problem 21CQ: Since the uranium or plutonium nucleus fissions into several fission fragments whose mass... Problem 22CQ: The cure of a nuclear reactor generates a large amount of thermal energy from the decay of fission... Problem 23CQ: How can a nuclear reactor contain many critical masses and not go supercritical? What methods are... Problem 24CQ: Why can heavy nuclei with odd numbers of neutrons be induced to fission with thermal neutrons,... Problem 25CQ: Why is a conventional fission nuclear reactor not able to explode as a bomb? Problem 26CQ: What are some of the reasons that plutonium rather than uranium is used in all fission bombs and as... Problem 27CQ: Use the laws of conservation of momentum and energy to explain how a shape charge can direct most of... Problem 28CQ: How does the lithium deuteride in the thermonuclear bomb shown in Figure 32.33 supply tritium (3H)... Problem 29CQ: Fallout from nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere is mainly 90Sr and l37Cs, which have 28.6- and... Problem 1PE: A neutron generator uses an (source, such as radium, to bombard beryllium, inducing the reaction... Problem 2PE: Neutrons from a source (perhaps the one discussed in the preceding problem) bombard natural... Problem 3PE: The purpose of producing 99Mo (usually by neutron activation of natural molybdenum, as in the... Problem 4PE: (a) Two annihilation rays in a PET scan originate at the same point and travel to detectors on... Problem 5PE: Table 32.1 indicates that 7.50 mCi of 99mTc is used in a brain scan. What is the mass of technetium? Problem 6PE: The activities of 131I and 123I used in thyroid scans are given in Table 32.1the 50 and 70 Ci,... Problem 7PE: (a) Neutron activation of sodium, which is 100% 23Na, produces 24Na, which is used in some heart... Problem 8PE: What is the dose in mSv for: (a) a 0.1 Gy xray? (b) 2.5 mGy of neutron exposure to the eye? (c) 1.5... Problem 9PE: Find the radiation dose in Gy for: (a) A 10mSv fluoroscopic xray series. (b) 50 mSv of skin exposure... Problem 10PE: How many Gy of exposure is needed to give a cancerous tumor a dose of 40 Sv if it is exposed to ... Problem 11PE: What is the dose in Sv in a cancer treatment that exposes the patient to 200 Gy of rays? Problem 12PE: One half the rays from 99mTc are absorbed by a 0.170mmthick lead shielding. Half of the rays that... Problem 13PE: A plumber at a nuclear power plant receives a whole—body dose of 30 mSv in 15 minutes while... Problem 14PE: In the 1980s, the term picowave was used to describe food irradiation in order to overcome public... Problem 15PE: Find the mass of 239Pu mat has an activity of 1.00 Ci. Problem 16PE: A beam of 168MeV nitrogen nuclei is used for cancer therapy. If this beam is directed onto a 0.200kg... Problem 17PE: (a) If the average molecular mass of compounds in food is 50.0 g, how many molecules are mere in... Problem 18PE: Calculate the dose in Sv to the chest at a patient given an xray under the following conditions. The... Problem 19PE: (a) A cancer patient is exposed to rays from a 5000Ci 60Co transillumination unit for 32.0 s. The ... Problem 20PE: What is the mass of 60Co in a cancer therapy transillumination unit containing 5.00 kCi of 60Co? Problem 21PE: Large amounts of 65Zn are produced in copper exposed to accelerator beams. While machining... Problem 22PE: Naturally occurring 40K is listed as responsible for 16 mrem/y of background radiation. Calculate... Problem 23PE: (a) Background radiation due to 226Ra averages only 0.01 mSv/y, but it can range upward depending on... Problem 24PE: The annual radiation dose from 14C in our bodies is 0.01 mSv/y. Each 14C decay emits a averaging... Problem 25PE: If everyone in Australia received an extra 0.05 mSv per year of radiation, what would be the... Problem 26PE: Verify that the total number at nucleons, total charge, and electron family number are conserved for... Problem 27PE: Calculate the energy output in each of the fusion reactions in the protonproton cycle, and verify... Problem 28PE: Show that the total energy released in the proton—proton cycle is 26.7 MeV, considering the overall... Problem 29PE: Verify by listing the number of nucleons, total charge, and electron family number before and after... Problem 30PE: The energy produced by the fusion of a 1.00—kg mixture of deuterium and tritium was found in Example... Problem 31PE: Tritium is naturally rare, but can be produced by the reaction n+2H3H+. How much energy in MeV is... Problem 32PE: Two fusion reactions mentioned in the text are n+3H4He+ and n+1H2H+. But reactions release energy,... Problem 33PE: (a) Calculate the number of grams of deuterium in an 80.000L swimming pool, given deuterium is... Problem 34PE: How many kilograms of water are needed to obtain the 198.8 mol of deuterium, assuming that deuterium... Problem 35PE: The power output of the Sun is 41026W. (a) If 90% of this is supplied by the protonproton cycle, how... Problem 36PE: Another set of reactions that result in the fusing of hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially... Problem 37PE: (a) Find the total energy released in MeV in each carbon cycle (elaborated in the above problem)... Problem 38PE: Verify that the total number of nucleons, total charge, and electron family number are conserved for... Problem 39PE: Integrated Concepts The laser system tested for inertial con?nement can produce a 100kJ pulse only... Problem 40PE: Integrated Concepts Find the amount of energy given to the 4He nucleus and to the ray in the... Problem 41PE: Integrated Concepts: (a) What temperature gas would have atoms moving fast enough to bring two 3He... Problem 42PE: Integrated Concepts (a) Estimate the years 1hat1he deuterium fuel in the oceans could supply the... Problem 43PE: (a) Calculate the energy released in the neutroninduced fission (similar to the spontaneous fission... Problem 44PE: (a) Calculate the energy released in the neutroninduced fission reaction n+235U92Kr+142Ba+2n, given... Problem 45PE: (a) Calculate the energy released in the neutroninduced fission reaction n+239Pu96Sr+140Ba+4n, given... Problem 46PE: Confirm that each at the reactions listed for plutonium breeding just following Example 32.4... Problem 47PE: Breeding plutonium produces energy even before any plutonium is fissioned. (The primary purpose of... Problem 48PE: The naturally occurring radioactive isotope 232Th does not make good fission fuel, because it has an... Problem 49PE: The electrical power output of a large nuclear reactor facility is 900 MW. It has a 35.0% efficiency... Problem 50PE: A large power reactor that has been in operation for some months is turned off, but residual... Problem 51PE: Find the mass converted into energy by a 12.0kT bomb. Problem 52PE: What mass is converted into energy by a 1.00MT bomb? Problem 53PE: Fusion bombs use neutrons from their fission trigger to create tritium fuel in the reaction... Problem 54PE: It is estimated that the total explosive yield of all the nuclear bombs in existence currently is... Problem 55PE: A radiationenhanced nuclear weapon (or neutron bomb) can have a smaller total yield and still... Problem 56PE: (a) How many 239Pu nuclei must fission to produce a 20.0kT yield, assuming 200 MeV per fission? (b)... Problem 57PE: Assume onefourth of the yield of a typical 320kT strategic bomb comes from fission reactions... Problem 58PE: This problem gives some idea of the magnitude of the energy yield of a small tactical bomb. Assume... Problem 59PE: It is estimated that weapons tests in the atmosphere have deposited approximately 9 MCi of 90Sr on... Problem 60PE: A 1.00MT bomb exploded a few kilometers above the ground deposits 25.0% of its energy into radiant... Problem 61PE: Integrated Concepts One scheme to put nuclear weapons to nonmilitary use is to explode them... format_list_bulleted