Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The species that is larger between the given pair is to be predicted and an explanation for the correct choice is to be stated.
Concept Introduction:
Compounds formed from ions are known as ionic compounds. The compound consists of the cation and anion. Cation is the positively charged ion and anion is negatively charged ion.
Cations are always smaller than the atoms from which they are formed because they have lesser number of electrons than the parent atom due to which the force of attraction between protons and electrons increases size decreases.
Anions are always larger than the atoms from which they are formed because they have more number of electrons than the parent atom due to which the repulsion between the electrons increases, the force of attraction between protons and electrons, decreases, and the size increases.
(b)
Interpretation:
The species that is larger between the given pair is to be predicted and explanation for the correct choice is to be stated.
Concept Introduction:
Compounds formed from ions are known as ionic compounds. The compound consists of the cation and anion. Cation is the positively charged ion and anion is negatively charged ion.
Cations are always smaller than the atoms from which they are formed because they have lesser number of electrons than the parent atom due to which the force of attraction between protons and electrons increases size decreases.
Anions are always larger than the atoms from which they are formed because they have more number of electrons than the parent atom due to which the repulsion between the electrons increases, the force of attraction between protons and electrons, decreases, and the size increases.
(c)
Interpretation:
The species that is larger between the given pair is to be predicted and explanation for the correct choice is to be stated.
Concept Introduction:
Compounds formed from ions are known as ionic compounds. The compound consists of the cation and anion. Cation is the positively charged ion and anion is negatively charged ion.
Cations are always smaller than the atoms from which they are formed because they have lesser number of electrons than the parent atom due to which the force of attraction between protons and electrons increases size decreases.
Anions are always larger than the atoms from which they are formed because they have more number of electrons than the parent atom due to which the repulsion between the electrons increases, the force of attraction between protons and electrons, decreases, and the size increases.
(d)
Interpretation:
The species that is larger between the given pair is to be predicted and explanation for the correct choice is to be stated.
Concept Introduction:
Compounds formed from ions are known as ionic compounds. The compound consists of the cation and anion. Cation is the positively charged ion and anion is negatively charged ion.
Cations are always smaller than the atoms from which they are formed because they have lesser number of electrons than the parent atom due to which the force of attraction between protons and electrons increases size decreases.
Anions are always larger than the atoms from which they are formed because they have more number of electrons than the parent atom due to which the repulsion between the electrons increases, the force of attraction between protons and electrons, decreases, and the size increases.
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
- Use the following data to estimate AH; for sodium bromide. Na(s) + Br2 (9) → NaBr(s) Lattice energy -742 kJ/mol Ionization energy for Na 495 kJ/mol -325 kJ/mol Electron affinity of Br Bond energy of Br2 Enthalpy of sublimation for Na 193 kJ/mol 109 kJ/mol AH; = | kJ/molarrow_forward4, 134. Although both Br3 and Iz ions are known, the F3 ion has not been observed. Explain. 101 ond 102 Would vou make thearrow_forwardSuppose a chemist discovers a new metallic element and names it "Xtrinsium" (Xt). Xt exhibits chemical behaviour similar to an alkaline earth. Xt(s) + F2(g) → XtF2(s) Lattice energy for XtF2 -2360. kJ/mol First Ionization energy of Xt 520. kJ/mol Second Ionization energy of Xt 936 kJ/mol Electron affinity of F -327.8 kJ/mol Bond energy of F2 154 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation (atomization) of Xt 180. kJ/mol Use the above data to calculate ΔH°f for Xtrinsium fluoride.arrow_forward
- c) Explain which would have the lowest second ionization energy. Explain which species in each of the following pairs would have the greater electronegativity. a. lithium or nitrogen b. sulfur or selenium Consider the following table of ionization energies in kJ/mole. Element 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Na 496 4562 6912 9544 13353 16610 738 1451 7733 Mg Al 10540 13630 17995 18378 578 1817 2745 11577 14831 Si 786 1577 3232 4356 16091 19785 P 1012 1903 2912 4957 6274 21269 a. Explain why the first ionization energy generally increases as one goes down the group of elements listed above. b. Explain why for a particular element , the second ionization energy is greater than the first jonization energy, the third is greater than the second etc. c. Explain why Mg has a higher first ionization energy than does Na, but a lower second ionization energy than does Na. d. Explain why for aluminum there is a large increase in ionization from 3rd to 4tharrow_forwardWhich of the following compounds is a possible combination of a metal and nonmetal taking into account their stable ions? O a. Nal2 O b. CaF3 О с. AlzS3 O d. MgBrarrow_forward2. X is isoelectronic with Xe. It reacts with Na ion and forms Na2X.a. Give the electronic configuration (EC) and orbital diagram (OD) of the NEUTRAL atom of X. b. X forms an oxide, XO2. Give the chemical name, draw the Lewis structure of XO2 and predict its shape.arrow_forward
- Formaldehyde, CH,0, is a chemical used to preserve specimens. Which of the following correctly shows the Lewis structure of formaldehyde? H. H. H. H. H. C= 0 DELL -> Ce % & %23 7 9. 1. 2 3. y u W e k d f g a S %S4arrow_forwardchalcogen 10. It is a measure of how equally the electrons in a bond are distributed between the two atoms involved in a covalent bond. A polarity B. octet rule C. ionization energy D. electron affinityarrow_forwarduppose a chemist discovers a new metallic element and names it "Xiguum" (Xi).Xi exhibits chemical behaviour similar to an alkaline earth. Xi(s) + Cl2(g) → XiCl2(s) Lattice energy for XiCl2 -1900. kJ/mol First Ionization energy of Xi 400. kJ/mol Second Ionization energy of Xi 680. kJ/mol Electron affinity of Cl -348.7 kJ/mol Bond energy of Cl2 239 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation (atomization) of Xi 150. kJ/mol Use the above data to calculate ΔH°f for Xiguum chloride.arrow_forward
- 19 of 21 What are the group numbers and the generic outer electron configurations for a neutral atom with the given Lewis symbols? Select the generic outer electron configuration. Select the group number. ns np' O ns np? O 1A (1) 2A (2) ns np3 O ns np* О ЗА (13) 4A (14) O ns np O ns np 5A (15) 6A (16) O 7A (17) O 8A (18) privacy policy terms of use contact us help about us careers étv 25 MacBook Airarrow_forward1. Draw Lewis Structures (including resonance structures if applicable) for the following molecules/ions: A. NO3– B. NO2– C. NO2+ D. O3 2. Which of the following items in Number 1 are isoelectronic?arrow_forwardWhich of the following ions have noble gas electron configurations? a. Fe2+,Fe3+,Sc3+,Co3+ b. TI+, Te2-, Cr3+ c. Pu4+,Ce4+,Ti4+ d. Ba2+,Pt2+, Mn2+arrow_forward
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning