Cell signaling systems: A. autocrine B. paracrine C. endocrine D. none among the given Which will have messenger molecules reach their target cells through the bloodstream? A B C D
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Cell signaling systems:
A. autocrine B. paracrine C. endocrine D. none among the given
Which will have messenger molecules reach their target cells through the bloodstream?
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- Cell signaling systems: A. autocrine B. paracrine C. endocrine D. none among the given Which will have messenger molecules travel short distances through extracellular space? A B C DCell signaling systems: A. autocrine B. paracrine C. endocrine D. none among the given Which will have cell receptors on its own cell's surface that respond to the messenger? A B C DA cell has epinephrine receptors, yet is unable to respond to epinephrine signaling. One possible reason is: A. The cell has no DNA. B. The cell is missing a functional G-protein or adenylyl cyclase. C. All of the epinephrine receptors are on the cell’s surface. (They’re supposed to be in the cytoplasm!) D. Both A and C.
- What features are remarkable about steroid receptors? (Select all that apply) A. Steroid receptors are localized in the cytoplasm B. steroid receptors are localized in the plasma membrane C. steroid receptors can translocate to the nucleus D. steroid receptors represent the beginning of a signaling Cascade E. steroid receptors can also function as transcription factorsHydrophobic signaling molecules act by a. binding to plasma proteins b. starting second messenger systems c. binding to receptors inside the cell d. starting action potentialsParacrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are a. produced by the cell itself. b. secreted by neighboring cells. c. present on the plasma membrane of neighboring cells. d. secreted by distant cells.
- Intracellular receptors bind to signaling molecules that are A. anionic. B. cationic. C. nonpolar. D. polypeptides.a universal feature of cell signaling receptors is that they? a. undergo a structural (shape) change when the signal molecule is bound b. are present only in the plasma membrane c. are only ion channels d. are protein kinases e. aer only nuclear receptorsScaffold proteins (a) release kinases and phosphatases into the extracellular fluid (b) bind G proteins to cell membranes (c) increase accuracy but slow signaling cascades (d) organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes (e) are transcription factors found mainly in plant cells
- John is told that he has a hormone receptor problem and his cells are not responsive to hormone stimulation. Which of the following is a possible reason for his problem? Select one: A. He has an ectopic tumor. B. He has hypersensitivity to the hormone. C. He has a receptor that has been overstimulated. D. He has too many receptors for the hormone. E. He has antibodies that block the function of the hormone receptor. O O O OThe action of steroid hormones is different from that of peptide hormones becausea. peptide hormones must enter the cell to begin action, whereas steroid hormones must begin action on the external surface of the cell membrane.b. steroid hormones must enter the cell to begin action, whereas peptide hormones must begin action on the external surface of the cell membrane.c. peptide hormones produce a hormone receptor complex that works directly on the DNA, whereas steroid hormones cause the release of a secondary messenger that triggers enzymes.d. None of these answers is correct.G proteins are involved wheneverA. Binding of messenger molecules to cell surface receptors triggers a target cell response.B. Binding of ligand molecules to cell surface receptors triggers activation or inhibition of enzymes,C. Binding of ligand molecules to cell surface receptors triggers synthesis of second messengers,D. Binding of ligand molecules to cell surface receptors triggers a change.E. All of the above.