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- ACTIVITY 10.6.2 Provide what is being asked. 1. A patient has an inborn mutation causing the inability to produce succinate dehydrogenase required for the oxidation of FADH2. Will this person still produce ATP? Explain your answer. 2 Mutations in the genes that encode certain mitochondrial proteins are associated with a high incidence of some type of cancer. How might defective mitochondria lead to cancer? 3. How is cytochrome c related to apoptosis? 4. Fill in the table below Pathway Number of ATP produced from one glucose molecule Number of H carriers produced from one glucose molecule NADH FADH2 Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total ATP ProducedACTIVITY 10.4.2 Explain your answer briefly but concisely. What are the steps in the energy investment phase? 2. What are the steps in the energy-yielding phase? 3. What are the enzymes involved in an irreversible reaction? How are these enzymes being activated? What about inhibited? 4. Which step in the glycolytic pathway would ensure that glucose is fated for glycolysis? 5. During strenuous activity, the demand for ATP in muscle tissue is vastly increased. In rabbit leg muscle or turkey flight muscle, the ATP is produced almost exclusively by lactic acid fermentation. ATP is formed in the payoff phase of glycolysis by two reactions, promoted by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. Suppose skeletal muscle were devoid of lactate dehydrogenase. Could it carry out the strenuous physical activity; that is, could it generate ATP at a high rate by glycolysis? Explain. 6. The transformation of glucose to lactate n myocytes releases only about 7% of the free energy released when…Activity 13.5. Arrange the following enzymes of glycolysis. Hexokinase, enolase, aldolase, Pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglycerokinase, triose phosphate dehydrogenase, Isomerase, Phosphoglyceromutase, 1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10.
- BSC1010C Enzymes & Cellular Regulation Dr. Harris Amylase is an enzyme found primarily in saliva and pancreatic secretions. It catalyzes the breakdown of starch into sugars. A Rate of reaction 0 20 60 40 Temperature, C C Rate of reaction 80 100 B Rate of reaction Enzyme concentration (Substrate concentration always in excess) Substrate concentration (Enzyme concentration constant) The above graphs (A, B & C) provide data on several factors that affect the activity and function of amylase in living organisms. 11. What variables are compared in graph A? What information can be obtained from this data?Nearly all organisms on Earth carry out some form of glycolysis. How does this fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?Question 1. Answer the following questions: A. The complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose to CO2 and H2O yields 686 kcal of free energy.How many ATP molecules could maximally be generated from one molecule of glucose, if theuseful chemical energy available in the high energy phosphate bond of 1 mole of ATP is 12kcal? B. However, it is known that cellular respiration produces 30 moles of ATP from 1 mole ofglucose. How does this compare with your answer in part (A)? Estimate the overall efficiency ofATP production from glucose? C. Assume that the cells of your body are oxidizing glucose and no energy is being dissipated asheat to the environment. However, the heat not converted into chemical-bond energy isincreasing the temperature of your body. How much would the temperature of your body riseupon oxidation of 1 mole of glucose if your body consists of 75 kg of water. [Hint: One kilocalorie (kcal) is defined as that amount of energy that heats 1 kg of water by 1oC]
- Many cancer cells preferentially perform aerobic glycolysis Proliferative tissue 5. Tumor without relying on oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, a pro- cess known as the "Warburg effect". While less efficient at generating ATP, it has been proposed that the Warburg effect promotes prolifera- tion by generating an abundance of glycolytic intermediates that serve as precursors for other anabolic processes to generate biomass. One consequence of the Warburg effect is that cancer cells that are not bathed in a constant source of fresh glucose – such as cells in a solid tumor that are far from any capillaries (e.g., non-small cell (NSC) lung cancer) – often run out of glucose and activate gluconeogenesis. In this situation, the lactate generated by anerobic glycolysis is converted back to pyruvate to begin gluconeogenesis. or +/-02 Glucose Pyruvate 5% 85% Lactate CO2 (a) matic steps. Beginning with pyruvate, write with words the reaction for the first step, including the name of…a) describe the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase Situational Problems I. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and the TCA cycle in muscles are stimulated by increased aerobic excrcise. These processes operate only when O, is present, although oxygen does not participate directly in these processes. Explain why oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is activated under aerobic conditions. For the answer: a) describe the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate complex (PDH) and its regulation; b) outline the intermediates and enzymes of the TCA cycle; c) explain the relationship between the reactions of PDH and the TCA cycle and the respiratory chain.3:01 docs.google.com/forms 11 The energy investment of the1/1 first stage is doubly repaid in the second stage with a net yield of two ATP per glucose. True False Glycogen degradation produces about 10% glucose, O of 5 rather than glucose-6- points phosphate X Explain why (Hint: think about 0/5 the enzymes involved in the glycogenolysis) When glycogen is degraded, the primary product is glucose 1P, obtained by 9 breaking a(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds. In addition, free glucose is released from
- Determine if true or false 1. Isopentyl pyrophosphate (activated isoprene) undergoes cyclization during cholesterol biosynthesis 2. Malonyl CoA transacylase catalyzes the committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis. 3. Oxaloacetate carries acetyl CoA to the cytosol which is the site of fatty acid biosynthesis. 4. During fatty acid biosynthesis, propionyl CoA is the donor of the acetyl group. 5. During fatty acid biosynthesis, NADPH is used as the reducing equivalent in the process.Question:- Two enzymes, acetate kinase and phosphotransacetylase, convert acetate [CH3C(O)O–] and ATP to acetyl phosphate and ADP (acetate kinase reaction) then acetyl phosphate and CoASH (coenzyme A) into acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate (Pi ; phosphotransacetylase reaction). What is the ΔG°' for the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate, CoASH, and ATP by this enzyme pair?Medical Perspective: 1. Identify at least five biological effects of disorders of the citric acid cycle’2.What are the health implications of a deficiency of the enzyme, pyruvate decarboxylase?
