Summary Of Crime Prevention And The Science Of Where People Are

Routine activity theory states that for a crime to be committed, three important factors need to be present including: a motivated offender, an accessible target, and the absence of a capable guardian against a violation. Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen introduced the routine activity theory in 1979, where they believed that an individual who has these three characteristics gives them a greater possibility of committing a crime. Moreover, situational crime prevention is known as strategies of ways for preventing or reducing the opportunities for criminals to commit crimes that derive from the routines of an individual’s everyday life. Ronald V. Clarke introduced situational crime prevention theory in 1983, where he believed that removing the situation instead of removing the criminal could prevent crime. In this paper, I will be discussing what routine activity/situational crime prevention theory is, and apply two peer-reviewed articles from Google Scholar that test the routine activity/situational crime prevention theory by discussing what the authors are trying to figure out and discuss their findings, and lastly, tie the routine activity/situational crime prevention theory articles to our textbook in hopes to fully understand in depth what the theory encompasses.

Situational and social approaches to crime prevention are both proactive where they anticipate and prevent crime but are different in the way on how crime is prevented, each having their own strength and weaknesses. In this essay, I will briefly talk about what is crime prevention and how situational and social approaches are derived, followed by providing a critical comparison of situational and social approaches by first explaining what is situational and social approaches to crime prevention, the differences between the two approaches, their strength and weaknesses and lastly, to show understanding that besides situational and social approach, there are other approaches to crime prevention.

The assumption with this theory is that those neighborhoods that are disorganized and messy will have higher crime rates than neighborhoods that are clean and orderly. In neighborhoods that are messy and disorganized, it starts to become the norm, and there starts to become less control that leads to disorder and crime.

Buffer zones show that most predators won’t commit crimes close to home. The father the crime is committed from the suspects residence the more the time it will take to investigate. There are two type of offenders, the marauder and the commuter. The marauder may travel from their home to crime scene, then return home going a different direction that they came. The commuter travels some time from their residence to commit the offence.

Movement away from adversary (attacker) can simply be displayed by crossing the street to avoid attacker. In some cases the habitat favors one party in the crime process. We have learned that offenders commit more crimes in places

The Broken Windows Theory was developed by James Wilson and George Kelling in 1982, the theory purposes that individuals involved in crime may be victims of their environment, lacking social control these environments are overtaken by criminal activity causing the people that are associated with the area to adjust to their surroundings which often involves looking the other way when criminal activity occurs. The theory focuses on deterioration of property such as neglected buildings, homes and neighborhoods, implying that neglect in these areas promotes vandalism, crime and delinquency. Moreover, the disorder associated with run down areas can generate and sustains serious crime and the people that are forced to live in these crimes invested areas often feel helpless and withdrawn. Not knowing whom to trust can create social divide which allows serious crimes to go undetected in that people are too afraid to report them. (Schmalleger, 2015, p.159) One implication of the Broken Window theory is “Criminology of Place” which uses the Broken Window Theory to help with identifying crime, also called environmental criminology it builds on the routine activities theory and situational crime prevention ideas such as crime "Hotspots" that are found in neighborhoods and city streets. A study conducted by the University of Chicago examined crime "hotspots"

Crime displacement and diffusion is a major concern in the United States. Crime neither seem to be increasing nor decrease throughout the years. Displacement brings more consequences and can occur when a harm is produced by displacement crime before the intervention. There are three theories that help explain why crime are committed, who are targeted and how to prevent from being a potential target. Being aware of your surroundings is extremely important. Analyzing offenders, victims and location can give ideas as to why crimes occurs. Giving displacement and diffusion central attention should be the center to problem solving in criminal activities.

Environmental criminology examines how geographical location and features in that location affect crime. It argues that some environments are more prone to crime that others.

There are different punishments given depending if a person is in possession or suppling drugs. If a person is under the age of 18,

According to the Australian Government of Criminology (2017), Crime prevention is ‘an effective approach to reducing crime. It is internationally recognised as an important component of a national approach to building viable communities.’ This essay will examine the case of the kings Cross shooting that occurred in 2012, involving the Indigenous community, Sydney police and Society. it will cover the importance of Crime prevention and the strategies in which are ideal to maintain the safety and security of the community and the offender partaking in the crime. This essay will focus broadly on the perspective of Social Crime Prevention, and the importance it obtains to prevent crime from occurring.

The effects of crime on victim can have a mixed feeling about making a victim impact statement. They may want to tell the judge or parole hearing officer how the crime affected their life and yet they may be anxious because you don't know how to prepare an impact statement or you don't want to bring back bad memories by describing how the crime has hurt you. The victim impact statements may include descriptions of:

The focus of this paper will be based upon different crime prevention strategies implemented by members of the communities, local and government authorities.

Routine activities theory and the lifestyle approach have a number of similarities. They both assume that a person’s living arrangements can affect victim risk and that people who live in unguarded areas are at the mercy of motivated offenders. These two theories both rely on four basic concepts: (1)

Proximity hypothesis says that victims who live near crime are putting themselves at risk of becoming a victim. Someone who makes a little more than their neighbor can easily be a target of some sort of theft.

Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. Criminological research areas include the incidence of crime as well as its causes and consequences. They also include social and governmental regulations and reactions to crime. Nation master.com (2013) highlights that “in criminology the positivist school has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behaviour”. The Positivist School of thought presumes that criminal behaviour is caused by various internal and external factors which are outside of the individual 's control. The scientific method was introduced and applied to the study of human behaviour. Positivism can be broken up into three segments which include biological, psychological and social positivism Nation master (2013)