Policing in Regards to Race, Gender and Ethnicity

To start off i will talk about the important aspects of the history and evolution of policing and the effects of it on society. Throughout the history of civilization,societies have fought for protection for their family and members. Everyone in our society shares equal responsibility for providing each one of us protection. Transitional policing can occur when the police functions are assigned to certain members of the society. The transition to formal policing is where certain members of the community has good responsibility for protection and also social control.

The community problem solving Era in America is the how we currently run our police systems today. During this era they started to give officers more of a decision of their own and they stopped with strict about of tickets. Sir Robert Peel the founder of the Metropolitan Police of England founded the “Nine Principles of Policing” Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles:

Policing has been a part of America for many decades. In fact, policing was known to exist prior to 1066, the year of the Normandy Invasion of Britain. Throughout the years policing has been a complicated and ongoing progress. The people of England did not have a stabilized policing standard and were often responsible for protecting and serving themselves. As early as the 1600s the Colonial America introduced the English styles of policing; citizens were responsible for monitoring community members’ behavior. Early constables and sheriffs were with the increased rate of crime and developed a ‘sort’ in community policing known as “watch and ward.” Later throughout history in the early 1700s policing became an

Policing today consists of three eras. These three eras have adapted and built off one another through history (Parr, 2014). The first era started around 1840 to 1930, and is known as the Political Era. The second Era is known as the Reform Era and lasted from 1930 to 1970. The last era is called the Community-Problem Solving Era and is still being adapted and used today. The Political Era emphasizes on meeting the needs of politicians. The police were given power through the local government and the community had very little say in what happened. The police and politicians worked together to control the city and neighborhoods (Palmiotto, 2000). This was often referred to as a ward. The ward politician controlled all the police in their neighborhood. The police officers tasks included not only crime prevention and order but a lot of social service activities that involved their neighborhoods. The officers resembled the ethnic backgrounds of the neighborhoods they lived and worked in and performed their patrols gaining trust from their community (Palmiotto, 2000). This allowed positive integration of police officers leading to more public service, and the trust of the officers to stop crime when is starts.

Throughout the last one hundred and fifty years, there has been a history of tension and conflict between the police and minority communities in the United States. In principle, the police exist to enforce the law and protect all citizens regardless of race or ethnic background, yet police departments across the country have been repeatedly accused of targeting and harassing racial minorities, and of failing to root out racist attitudes and practices within their ranks. In recent years, high profile cases such as the beating of Rodney King in Los Angles and the assault on Abner Louima in New York have only served to heighten concerns over the mistreatment of minorities by the police, resulting in widespread calls for major legal and institutional reforms. The recent shootings of Michael Brown, Ezell Ford, Eric Garner, and Terrance Crutcher underscore the danger Black men and boys face when they cross paths with law enforcement officers. In the absence of a coordinated national strategy, state and local police departments have largely been left to develop their own solutions to the problems of policing minority communities and improving cultural sensitivity amongst their officers. Many departments have sought to reform recruitment and selection policies in the hope of attracting greater numbers of minority applicants, while others have instituted diversity training and education programs aimed at improving police understanding of minority cultures and communities. To date, however, these efforts have yielded mixed results. Some departments have achieved notable successes, but on the whole, relations between the police and minority communities across the country remain strained. of cultural diversity and the police.

Racial disparities occur in arrests, stops and use of force. A report on the Minnesota police department found that Black people are stopped more than twice as much as they should be, for their share of the population(4); In Ferguson it was found that police arrest black people at a rate three times higher, than their share of the population, and “At least 1,581 other police departments across the USA arrest black people at rates even more skewed than in Ferguson” (5). Force was also found to be used at more disproportionate rates against black people. It was found that blacks are 50% more likely to experience “use of force”(6). These are clear cases of racism in the police force, it shows that there is bias rooted in all enforcement actions. It would be statistically impossible for these disparities to exist, without some element of racism in many actions and levels of the police force, and the only way to change this is to completely reconstruct how enforcement is carried

Assess the significance of developments in policing in influencing the effectiveness of law and order in the period 1830 – 1965.

He explains how in the second half of the twentieth century, civil rights leaders made great strides to achieve equal rights for people of all racial groups. While this goal may have

The example you provided stating "many minorities come from countries where police are much different than in Canada, they may be corrupt, and against hiring women and minorities" could be an explanation as to why minorities may not want to apply with an agency. If they were mistreated, or had a bad experience with the police in their country, it may be difficult for them to trust our policing style even though it may be much different. With that being said I believe our government has taken positive steps with integrating minorities into our society and giving a sense of protection with The Charter and Rights of Freedoms. In regard to police administration, I think police agencies are also taking positive steps by advertising the want and

Based on the statistics I identified in questions # 3 and 4 of my blog, I believed many law enforcement have a legitimate reason in its use of aggressive, racial profiling of minority populations. There are cruel consequences of race-based policing. For example, racial profiling does not reduce crime. It causes tremendous harm to individuals, the criminal justice system and to the social fabric of the society. Many law enforcement officers trust the idea that statistical data are exceptional guide in guessing who might be a criminal. Since statistics demonstrates that African-Americans and Latinos set up the majority of gang members, law enforcement officers will have the intensity to investigate and arrest these individuals. Moreover, it leads

Implicit biases can lead to race-based policing even without making a conscious decision to do so. Evidence proves that African Americans and Latinos are stopped for traffic offenses more frequently than Whites even though they do not commit more traffic offenses than Whites. (Richardson, 2015) One study revealed that police “officers were more likely to see weapons in the hands of unarmed Black individuals than in the hands of unarmed White individuals as a result of implicit bias” (Richardson). These discoveries mirror studies indicating that racial biases lead people to interpret the actions of Black individuals more suspiciously than they would interpret the same actions if they were performed by White individuals. (Richardson)

We sometimes forget how far we have come in our struggle with discrimination and equal opportunity for all. While we still have many improvements to make in this area The Civil Rights Act has helped us make significant progress over the years. Probably the most well-known act in the Civil Rights Movement is the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but prior to this act there were two federal laws and a voting rights bill passed. These 3 acts are known as the Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1875 and 1957. After the passing of the 1964 act came the Civil Rights act of 1991 which amended the 1964 act. All of these acts were put in place to try and decrease the amount of racial discrimination in our country. The Civil Rights Act of 1866, 1875, 1957, 1964, and 1991

There were many factors to the civil rights act of 1964 from presidents to normal “civilians”. In today’s society the Civil Rights Act is allowing equal opportunities for everyone. The Civil Rights was not just an act it was a movement fought for almost twenty years. Starting in 1948 with Truman’s executive order 9981 that gave equality in the military (infoplease.com, Brunner). Then in 1054 the case of Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, was finalized with the decision that segregation within public schools was wrong. In august of 1955 the tragedy of Emmett Till occurred, where he was brutally murdered. There are many more effects of the Civil Rights act, but these were some of the turning points.

Technology was introduced by telephones and the used telegraphs lines and call boxes. this is an era where police brutality was introduce to racial difference and economic failure which contribute to riots.

The overall boom in industrial growth and overcrowding brought more crime, riots, public health issues, race and socio-economic divisions, and general disorder.” (Johnson, David R.) This was the beginning of our new and enhanced law enforcement system. In the year 1829, England implemented their new policing system, which was stronger and better than before, and it was designed to prevent crime from happening, rather than to respond once it has already occurred. “In 1833, Philadelphia organized an independent, 24-hour police force. In 1838, the Boston Police force was established, with a day police and night watch working independently. New York City followed suit in 1844, becoming the New York City Police Department in 1845. Police chiefs who were appointed by political leaders now headed police departments. While it still had its flaws, this “new” method of policing more closely resembles a modern day police force. Now there was three compelling issues faced early American police departments: (1) should police be uniformed; (2) should they carry firearms; and (3) how much force could they use to carry out their duties. The local merchants and