Pattern Recognition (WS11)

Crickets “chirp” by rubbing their wings or legs over each other.  This phenomenon is known as stridulation.  It is a means by which male crickets “call” to females to communicate their interest in mating. Frequency refers to the number of chirps that crickets produce during a period of time. Some have suggested that you can tell the temperature and the humidity based on how fast crickets chirp. Independent variable: Dependent variable: Controlled variables (at least 3): a. b. c Control Treatment:

Prairie dogs are small mammals that live in large colonies in burrows in the ground. Prairie dogs that are near their own relatives when a predator approaches are much more likely to issue a warning bark than those that are near unrelated prairie dogs. The prairie dogs that hear a warning bark are more likely to hide in their burrows than to remain above ground. However, the prairie dog that gives the warning bark is putting itself at increased risk of being identified and killed by the predator. Which of the following presents the most likely evolutionary explanation for the behaviors described?    a) The barking prairie dog chooses to warn other prairie dogs, leading to more prairie dogs living above ground. b) The failure of the individual to bark when surrounded by unrelated prairie dogs ensures survival of the individual. c) The barking prairie dog is alerting unrelated prairie dogs to the predator, so it is not giving any advantage to its own relatives.…

Assertion: The interaction of species to the environment is particular to appropriate to ecological process in question is important in accurately hypothesizing the cause. a specific scale. Choosing a scale that is Reason: The involvement to species to nature depends on the specific scale and that scale should relate to the ecological process to bring up a proper hypothesis for the cause. Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Both Assertion and Reason are false.

Describe one way that the "nature and nurture" theme is represented in core-knowledge theories. Provide an example to support your response

You've been out in the field collecting data on the predation of holly leaves. You collect 200 leaves in total of which 100 leaves contain one mine, 20 leaves contain 2 mines and 30 leaves contain 3 mines. After close examination with your hand lens and dissecting microscope you categorize a total of 15 mines with round holes, 9 mines that were torn open and 27 mines with an irregular hole. After some basic analyses you conclude that the predation rates by blue tits and wasps are:   A. 3.7% and 6.5%   B. 6% and 10%   C. 10% and 6%   D. 4% and 6.5%

Prairie dogs are small mammals that live in large colonies in burrows in the ground. Prairie dogs that are near their own relatives when a predator approaches are much more likely to issue a warning bark than those that are near unrelated prairie dogs. The prairie dogs that heara warning bark are more likely to hide in their burrows than to remain above ground. However, the prairie dog that gives the warning bark is putting itself at increased risk of being identified and killed by the predator.Which of the following presents the most likely evolutionary explanation for the behaviors described? * d 2 thool The barking prairie dog is alerting unrelated prairie dogs to the predator, so it is not giving any advantage to its own relatives. The failure of the individual to bark when surrounded by unrelated prairie dogs ensures survival of the individual. The warning bark changes the behavior of the related prairie dogs nearby, allowing the prairie dog's t have increased survival and…

Which of the following ecological situations would result in INCREASED selection on the peaceful “dove” strategy relative to the hawk-dove game discussed in class? Increased value of the resource Unlikely that the individual will have future opportunities to get the resource Decreased cost of displaying All of the above

INTRODUCTION: Quadrat sampling is a classic tool for the study of ecology, especially biodiversity. In general, a series of squares (quadrats) of a set size are placed in a habitat of interest and the species within those quadrats are identified and recorded. QUESTION: What are the advantages and disadvantages of a quadrat sampling method?

People who believe that wild plants and animals have an inherent right to exist believe that species have:  - ecological value. - intrinsic value. - aesthetic value. - economic value. - genetic value.

Mention  different types of record keeping systems (2 manual and 3 electronic) in a veterinary hospital and mention the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Squirrels can be pests at bird feeders, stealing seeds away from the intended guests. The graph below shows the results of an experiment testing a new product "Squirrel Away." On Day 1, "Squirrel-Away" was sprayed near one bird feeder. An area around a second bird feeder in a different area was NOT sprayed with "Squirrel Away." Both bird feeders contained the same seeds. The Effect of "Squirrel Away" on the Number of Squirrles at Two Bird Feeders 10 Without Squirrel Away WITH Squirrel-Away What was the independent variable in the experiment above? Average number of squirrels at the bird feeder per day Average number of birds at the bird feeder per day O Presence or absence of Squirrel Away Distance from the bird feeder that Squirrel Away was sprayed The type of seeds added to the bird feeder 9, 4. 2. at the Bird Feeder Per Day Average Number of Squirrels

Use Verbal description of results from graph and then Interpret the graph for Speacialization scenario in foraging lab. The interpretations must include: Were the results expected and Did they support the hypotheses? If so, state the biological significance of the results from graph. If the results deviated significantly from expected results, discuss the hypotheses onthe basis of expected results and include an explanation of why this might be so. Lastly, state the conclusions drawn from the experiment and their biological relevance. Hypothesis: Within the context of specialization, foragers will exhibit differences in foraging efficiency between pure and mixed food types, with the expectation that they will perform more efficiently when searching for their preferred pure food type compared to mixed food. This difference in efficiency may be reflected in factors such as foraging times, success rates, or other relevant measures.

describe selection, confounding, and information bias provide an example for each

Summarize; From my observation post, well camouflaged under some boxwood bushes, I delight in the contemplation of dinco young foxes that play at the door of their refuge.  They have come out half an hour ago, with all caution, when the sun was peeking over the peaks.  Little by little they have gained confidence;  lying in the most comical postures they have been nibbling, only to end up chasing each other openly over the fresh grass that grows before the black hole of the cave.  Suddenly the five foxes at the same time rush towards their fort.  Almost at the same moment I smell a growing buzzing behind my head, like that produced by a flock of pigeons flying low through an oak grove.  First I see a huge shadow, exactly in front of the peephole of my observatory.  A brown mass is mistaken for it.  It is the royal eagle.  With the wings semi-closed, forming an angle with the body, with the claws open and advanced, the bird of Jupiter is materially nailed against the wall of the fox…

Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is unexplained loss of entire bee colonies that has been occurring in increased numbers across the world. The cause of the disorder is unknown, although it has been suggested that pesticides may play a role. To study this phenomenon, 300 bee colonies at 20 different sites across the U.S. are analyzed. Colonies are classified as having no CCD symptoms (group 1) or as having CCD symptoms (group 2). Bee pollen is isolated from group 1 and group 2 colonies and analyzed for the presence of pesticides. Significantly higher average pesticide levels being found in group 2 colonies, the conclusion of the study states that increasing pesticides use may be leading to the death of bees and a loss of bee colonies in CCD. Does this study have a control group? If so, what is the control group? If not, why not?

Behavior influences how organisms experience the environment and thus patterns of natural selection on behavioral traits. Which of the following examples is consistent with this statement? Some lizards in complex tropical forests prefer to hang out on tree trunks and branches, rather than the ground substrate, which has resulted in selection for shorter relative limb length and toe pads that can cling to bark. Ground-burrowing mammals experience greater exposure to dust and increased selection on their respiratory system to filter these particulates. Specialist parasitoids only target a handful of different host/prey types, resulting in a predictable resource and less selection on the ability to learn new resources All of the above Imagine that scientists have just discovered a weird new marine tunicate at extreme depths of the ocean. They have a novel kind of neurotransmitter – maritonin – that binds to the “maritonin” receptor, which is permeable to negatively charged iodine ions…

The figures below show a tobacco hornworm that can only eat well chemically defended tobacco plants (specialist) and the a gypsy moth larvae that can eat leaves of many plants that are not well chemically defended, but often can't eat leaves of plants with specialized chemical defenses (generalist). Assume you have observe a patch of land that was planted with tobacco and some tree species that don't have specialized chemical defenses. How might the abundance of the tobacco plant most likely be affected differently by the generalist herbivore and by the specialist herbivore? Tobacco Hornworm Gypsy Moth The gypsy moth may increase the abundance of tobacco by choosing to eat the tree saplings The gypsy moth larvae may decrease the abundance of the tobacco plant by eating the leaves of the tree saplings The tobacco hornworm may increase the abundance of tobacco by chasing gypsy moth larvae away from the plants. The tobacco hornworm might decrease the abundance of tobacco by feeding on…

In the Introduction, the authors set the stage for their experiment. What ecological issues were facing Yellowstone National Park when wolves were no longer there, and how were the researchers going to test the questions they wanted to ask?   In 4 – 6 sentences, summarize the Methods section of this paper. One of the questions the researchers asked when they began their experiment was “With wolves now back on the Yellowstone landscape for 15 years, how has the reintroduction of wolves affected the recruitment of the woody browse species?” Use data from the Ripple and Beschta paper to support your answer.   In any scientific paper, the Discussion is often the most hard-hitting, and where researchers elaborate and explain their results in the context of their experiment and the real world. Explain why when researchers tried culling some of the elk herd it did not have trophic effects, while reintroducing wolves did have trophic effects.   Describe the multiple impacts of wolf…

Understanding biostatistical principles is critical to public health education.  True  False

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an individual organism to express two or more genetically controlled phenotypes in response to environmental variation. Give an example and give some reasons why organisms depend on phenotypic plasticity instead of maintaining all their systems in a maximum sate of readiness at all times.

Populations of organisms can be found as clumps, randomly dispersed, or uniformly dispersed. Classify each of the following populations by the way it is dispersed in its ecosystem. Dandelions that produce many seeds dispersed through wind energy Tree of heaven that can produce clones of itself via underground roots called suckers that spread out from the parent tree Honey bees that maintain one social hive Red squirrels defending their individual territories from other red squirrels in the ecosystem

As described, all trees are sampled at the same time and in the same general locality. Using your general biological knowledge (no need to research the literature to answer this question – use your knowledge and understanding of the natural world as a biologist), provide possible biological and/or ecological reasons why sycamore aphid numbers and distributions may differ between leaves on the same tree (3 reasons) and why aphid numbers and distribution patterns may differ between trees (2 reasons)? write 2 sentences for each reason

Please complete concept map for this activity.  Concept Mapping activity, you will revise your concept map on sea otters from the beginning of the semester based on your new understanding and comprehension of traditional ecological knowledge.  Based on the videos, your map should describe the relationships between sea otters, shellfish (like clams), and people.  Consider including some of the following terms as you map these relationships: Butter clams Western knowledge systems Indigenous knowledge systems Management barriers Customary and traditional foods Colonial assumptions and methodologies

What are the excellent sentences in this response, and what are the logical flaws, content errors, or outright stupid comments?  What are the main differences between inductive and deductive reasoning in the scientific method? Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning are two different methods of reasoning that are used in the scientific method. Inductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions from specific observations or pieces of evidence. For example, if a scientist observes that a particular species of bird always builds its nest in a particular way, they might use inductive reasoning to conclude that all birds of that species build their nests in that way. Inductive reasoning is often used to generate hypotheses, which can then be tested through further observation or experimentation. Deductive reasoning, on the other hand, involves starting with a general principle or theory and using it to reach a specific conclusion. For example, if a scientist knows that all animals need…

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of determining whether a feature is an adaptation? Group of answer choices Reliability Genetic significance Efficiency Economy

Background: One of the most important steps that a scientist completes during an experiment is data processing and presentation. Data can be analyzed by the presentation of the data in table format (data table), or the processing of that data through graphical manipulation to visually discern the differences in the variables tested. Analyzing Data: The graph shows the number of shrimp hatched at different temperatures. 40 30 20 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Temperature (Celsius) 1. What is the Independent (manipulated) variable? 2. What is the Dependent (responding) variable? 3. How would you summarize or caption this graph? In one sentence, connect the two variables. Number of Eggs

Come up with five ethical guidelines for research. Write statements that reflect your own views of what is right and wrong. If you really love animals, an example of one guideline might be "No animals may be used in research of any kind." However, when coming up with these guidelines, be thoughtful about what they really mean. Think of the information you read about earlier. Try to phrase your guidelines in a way that would allow research that you think would be beneficial to still be done. You may find that certain circumstances may cause you to rethink your own ethics!

Do the following two hypothesis supports their graphs? Explain. Figure 1: The hypothesis for novice vs. experienced foraging is that animals who have been foraging for ages should have a greater chance of survival than beginner foragers since they are more skilled and invest less time looking for food. Figure 2: The hypothesis behind the impact of Prey camouflage is that if animals, especially novice foragers, take too much time searching, they are visible to predators for long durations, providing a better chance to attack.

Bayesian updating can be a useful tool for thinking about the development of behavior. Imagine the following scenario with respect to an animal’s knowledge of the average density of food in patches in their environment. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of this Bayesian view of this animal? Their environment is much richer in food resources than expected Their confidence in their assessment of the state of the environment is greater after they go out and sample the world Their environment is less rich than expected – perhaps there is a drought that has caused a crash in food availability relative to historical conditions All of the above

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the example of species interactions for ants, plants and aphids    Question 2 options:   The burdock plant is negatively affected by a heavy aphid investation, the ants are negatively affected by the aphids and aphids are positively affected by the ants.   The burdock plant is negatively affected by a heavy aphid investation, the ants are positively affected by the aphids and aphids are not affected by the ants   The burdock plant is negatively affected by a heavy aphid investation, the ants are positively affected by the aphids and aphids are positively affected by the ants.   The burdock plant is not affected by a heavy aphid investation, the ants are positively affected by the aphids and aphids are positively affected by the ants.

Poison or toxic compounds can be an adaptation for survival in both predators and prey.  True  False Parasitism is an example of a symbiotic relationship.  True  False Predation and herbivory are similar interactions (-/+) in that one organism in the interaction benefits and the other is harmed.  True  False 4.)Competition is an interaction (-/+) that is negative for one organism and positive for the other organism.  True  False 5.)Plants are defenseless against herbivory by animals.  True  False

Which of the following statements is false? A strength of science is that the knowledge it develops about nature may change due to reinterpretation of existing evidence Selected Answer: Answers: A strength of science is that the knowledge it develops about nature may change due to new evidence A strength of science is that with enough evidence, the knowledge it develops can be established as absolutely true A strength of science is its conservative vetting process that assesses whether change in the knowledge it has developed is warranted A strength of science is that the knowledge it develops about nature may change due to reinterpretation of existing evidence