Tier 1 capital

Term Paper for the Course: Regional Land revenue system in colonial India Submitted by Rammilan Singh Yadav Registration No. 67259 Centre for Economic Studies and Planning Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 1. Introduction After the breakdown of Bretton woods system of managed exchange rates in 1973 many banks incurred large foreign currency losses. on 26june 1974 so many banks had released payments of dutsche marks which was German currency at that time in Frankfurt for exchange

1. Introduction In the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007 – 2009, the Basel Committee of Banking Supervision launched a program that substantially revised the existing capital adequacy guidelines. As a result, the Committee released a new version of bank capital and liquidity standards, referred to as “Basel III”, in December 2010. Subsequent guidance was issued in January 2011 regarding minimum requirements for regulatory capital instruments. The G20 , including United States and the European

1 Introduction The financial system has continuously evolved since the first accord was written. The financial crisis has brought light to how imperative it is to have a stringent but flexible set of accords. Since the period of 1993 to 2008, there has been a 12 fold increase in total assets held by global systematic important banks while only a seven fold increase in the capital funding of these assets. Global systematic banks are banks whose distress or failure could lead to severe repercussions

(KPMG 2011). Figure. 4 has shown the structures of Basel III. It aims to increase the capital and liquidity of banks and therefore maintaining the stability in banking sector with full effect in 2019 (Banks For International Settlements 2011). EUROPE - Preparedness On 26 June of 2013, Capital requirement regulation (CRR) and directive(CRD) has been adopted for Basel III in Europe. Basel III permits the capital buffer increase gradually to 2.5% in 2019 (Banks For International Settlements 2011).

Q. 1. What were the major factors that led to the recent financial crisis? How did we get here? Answer: One of the primary factors that can be attributed as to have led the recent financial crisis is the financial deregulation allowing financial institutions a lot of freedom in the way they operated. The manifestation of this was seen in the form of: a) Financial innovations that were not backed up with adequate risk controls and management. b) Too much reliance on Quantitative Risk

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Basel Capital accord is a capital adequacy framework developed by the Basel committee. In 1988, the Basel Committee decided to introduce a capital measurement system commonly referred to as the Basel Capital Accord. This system provided for the implementation of a credit risk measurement framework with a minimum capital requirement of 8% on banks Risk Weighted Assets (RWA). The 1988 framework is also known as "Basel – I". Since 1988, this framework

Sheri Ebner Professor Shelton A321 ------------------------------------------------- 06 June 2015 Week 1 Assignment 3: Critical Analysis Part One Title: Marketing to Children: Accepting Responsibility Author: Gael O’Brien Link: http://business-ethics.com/2011/05/31/1441-marketing-to-children-accepting-responsibility/ This article highlights the many issues of marketing to children, especially in the fast food department. Specifically, this article talks about the issue of obesity

Basel III is a global comprehensive collection of restructured regulatory standards on bank capital adequacy and liquidity. It was developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector (bis.org, 2010). It introduces new regulatory requirements on bank liquidity and bank leverage in response to the financial downturn caused by the Global Financial Crisis. Stefan Walter, Secretary General of the Basel Committee on

ROLE OF CAPITAL IN SECURING A STRONG BANKING SYSTEM – THE IMPERATIVES OF BASEL III ACCORD Dr.T.V.Rao, M.Com.,Ph.D., CAIIB,ACIBS(UK), Professor, B.V.Raju Insitute of Technology, Narasapur, Medak Dt., Telangana State ABSTRACT: The stability of the Financial System largely depends on the strength and resilience of the Banking System. Indian Banks which suffered from negative capital adequacy, negative earnings and high NPAs in the Seventies and eighties are now on a robust footing thanks to the

1、(1) What are the primary line items within Citigroup’s balance sheet and income statement? Balance Sheet Asset Cash and due from banks Deposits with banks Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell Trading account assets Investments Total loans, net Liability Total deposits Short-term borrowings Long-term debt Equity Common stock Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Income Statement Income Total revenue Total provisions Total