Atherosclerosis

through vasodilation of these vessels or collateral sprouting of new vessels1. Lack of fresh oxygenated blood leads to ischemia and the tissues supplied by the narrowed vessels begin to die. The main factor that causes this disease development is atherosclerosis, which is a build-up of plaque in these peripheral arterial beds cause by lipids in the blood steam narrowing the lumens of these vessels3. The most common peripheral arteries affected by this disease process are those of the lower extremity which

(CAD) by two to four folds, which may manifest as a silent myocardial infarct in diabetic patients. It is therefore of no surprise that ischaemic coronary artery disease is responsible for ¾ of diabetes related deaths. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis differs greatly in patients with diabetes, resulting in a more progressive and accelerated form of vascular disease. Revascularisation is required to reverse the damage, however studies have shown that DM acts as a strong risk factor for restenosis

1. Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world accounting for 17.5 million people, or more than 30% of all deaths. Atherosclerosis leads to coronary artery disease, which is a manifestation of ischemic heart disease [1,2]. When an artery narrows, or becomes blocked, intervention is required to restore normal blood flow. In patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass graft surgery in generally accepted as a better method due to the

million people each year and is also classify as the leading cause of mortality worldwide (Fuller, 2015). Kristian, Alpert, and White (2007) states that MI is the cause of the mortality and disability worldwide. During the unstable period of atherosclerosis, the patient can develop MI. Myocardial infarction can be mild; it may even go undetected, but it may also be a major devastating condition leading to sudden death or severe hemodynamic deterioration. Kristian, Alpert, and White (2007) states

of the heart. In a small percentage of cases, blood flow is cut off when the muscles in the artery wall contract suddenly, constricting the artery. This constriction, called vasospasm, can occur in an artery that is only slightly narrowed by atherosclerosis or even in a healthy artery. Regardless of the cause of a heart attack, the oxygen deprivation is so severe and prolonged that heart muscle cells begin to die for lack of oxygen. About 1.1 million people in the United States have a heart attack

of the heart. In a small percentage of cases, blood flow is cut off when the muscles in the artery wall contract suddenly, constricting the artery. This constriction, called vasospasm, can occur in an artery that is only slightly narrowed by atherosclerosis or even in a healthy artery. Regardless of the cause of a heart attack, the oxygen deprivation is so severe and prolonged that heart muscle cells begin to die for lack of oxygen. About 1.1 million people in the United States have a heart attack

disease may become a leading cause of death. When blood flow is limited, a variety of problems may arise. If symptoms are severe, foot or leg amputation may be a devastating outcome. Since a plenitude of patients have a joint connection with atherosclerosis, many people with PAD die from a heart attack, sudden cardiac arrest, or stroke. Having PAD often affects a person's lifestyle. A person who experiences pain while walking

However, the discovery of the pharmacological class, Statins of which Lipitor and Compound X belongs, which inhibits HMG CoA reductase, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG CoA to mevalonic acid, an early and rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, has greatly improved the management of patients of patients with hyperlipidemia (Bertolini et.al.1997). Lipitor a Statin drug, acts by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and are used as adjunct therapy to diet to reduce the risk of

Case Study of a Patient in the Clinical Setting Submitted by: Bhakti Amin ID Number: 4209426 Presented to: Professor Tanja Cupac June 06, 2016 NURS 1495 Nursing Theory B.V., a 55 year old male admitted to the hospital on 15/03/2016. His approximate educational level is College Diploma. He is admitted with the medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) disease and coronary artery disease (CAD). Definition of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) COPD is preventable

Heart is the most important muscle in human body; it allows us to stay alive, and if it stops that mean death. The job of the heart is very simple, its pumps blood through entire body. The heart is located in the chest and it is the size of human fist. These days many people suffer from heart disease. The heart problems are conditions that affect the structure and the functions of the heart. This disease cannot be ignored, because heart disease known as the first kill for both gender at different