Concept explainers
(a)
Accounts receivable
Accounts receivable refers to the amounts to be received within a short period from customers upon the sale of goods and services on account. In other words, accounts receivable are amounts customers owe to the business. Accounts receivable is an asset of a business.
Bad debt expense:
Bad debt expense is an expense account. The amounts of loss incurred from extending credit to the customers are recorded as bad debt expense. In other words, the estimated uncollectible accounts receivable are known as bad debt expense.
Direct write-off method:
This method does not make allowance or estimation for uncollectible accounts, instead this method directly write-off the actual uncollectible accounts by debiting bad debt expense and by crediting accounts receivable. Under this method, accounts would be written off only when the receivables from a customer remain uncollectible.
Allowance method:
It is a method for accounting bad debt expense, where amount of uncollectible accounts receivables are estimated and recorded at the end of particular period. Under this method,
Two methods to estimate uncollectible accounts under allowance method are:
- Percentage of sales method, and
- Analysis of receivables method.
Percentage of sales method:
Credit sales are recorded by debiting (increasing) accounts receivable account. The bad debts is a loss incurred out of credit sales, hence uncollectible accounts can be estimated as a percentage of credit sales or total sales.
It is a method of estimating the bad debts (expected loss on extending credit), by multiplying the expected percentage of uncollectible with the total amount of net credit sale (or total sales) for a specific period. Under percentage of sales method, estimated bad debts would be treated as a bad debt expense of the particular period.
Analysis of receivables method:
A method of determining the estimated uncollectible receivables based on the age of individual accounts receivable is known as analysis of receivables method. This method is otherwise known as aging of receivables method. Under analysis of receivables method, estimated bad debts would be treated as the desired adjusted balance for allowance for doubtful accounts.
To journalize: The write-offs for 2016 under the direct write-off method.
(b)
To journalize: The write-offs for 2016 under allowance method (Percentage of sales method).
(c)
Whether net income of Company C is higher or lower under the direct-write off method than allowance method in 2016.
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Financial & Managerial Accounting
- Olena Mirrors records bad debt using the allowance, income statement method. They recorded $343,160 in accounts receivable for the year and $577,930 in credit sales. The uncollectible percentage is 4.4%. On May 10, Olena Mirrors identifies one uncollectible account from Elsa Sweeney in the amount of $2,870. On August 12, Elsa Sweeney unexpectedly pays $1,441 toward her account. Record journal entries for the following. A. Year-end adjusting entry for 2017 bad debt B. May 10, 2018 identification entry C. Entry for payment on August 12, 2018arrow_forwardAllowance Method for Accounting for Bad Debts At the beginning of 2016, Miyazaki Companys Accounts Receivable balance was $105,000, and the balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts was $1,950. Miyazakis sales in 2016 were $787,500, 80% of which were on credit. Collections on account during the year were $502,500. The company wrote off $3,000 of uncollectible accounts during the year. Required Prepare summary journal entries related to the sales, collections, and write-offs of accounts receivable during 2016. Prepare journal entries to recognize bad debts assuming that (a) bad debts expense is 3% of credit sales and (b) amounts expected to be uncollectible are 6% of the year-end accounts receivable. What is the net realizable value of accounts receivable on December 31, 2016, under each assumption in part (2)? What effect does the recognition of bad debts expense have on the net realizable value? What effect does the write-off of accounts have on the net realizable value?arrow_forwardAllowance Method for Accounting for Bad Debts At the beginning of 2016, EZ Tech Companys Accounts Receivable balance was $140,000, and the balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts was $2,350 (Cr.). EZ Techs sales in 2016 were $1,050,000, 80% of which were on credit. Collections on account during the year were $670,000. The company wrote off $4,000 of uncollectible accounts during the year. Required Prepare summary journal entries related to the sale, collections, and write-offs of accounts receivable during 2016. Prepare journal entries to recognize bad debts assuming that (a) bad debts expense is 3% of credit sales and (b) amounts expected to be uncollectible are 6% of the year-end accounts receivable. What is the net realizable value of accounts receivable on December 31, 2016, under each assumption in part (2)? What effect does the recognition of bad debts expense have on the net realizable value? What effect does the write-off of accounts have on the net realizable value?arrow_forward
- Entries for bad debt expense under the direct write-off and allowance methods Casebolt Company wrote off the following accounts receivable as uncollectible for the first year of its operations ending December 31: A. Journalize the write-offs under the direct write-off method. B. Journalize the write-offs under the allowance method. Also, journalize the adjusting entry for uncollectible accounts. The company recorded 5,250,000 of credit sales during the year. Based on past history and industry averages, % of credit sales are expected to be uncollectible. C. How much higher (lower) would Casebolt Companys net income have been under the direct write-off method than under the allowance method?arrow_forwardMillennium Associates records bad debt using the allowance, income statement method. They recorded $299,420 in accounts receivable for the year, and $773,270 in credit sales. The uncollectible percentage is 3.2%. On February 5, Millennium Associates identifies one uncollectible account from Molar Corp in the amount of $1,330. On April 15, Molar Corp unexpectedly pays its account in full. Record journal entries for the following. A. Year-end adjusting entry for 2017 bad debt B. February 5, 2018 identification entry C. Entry for payment on April 15, 2018arrow_forwardAllowance Method of Accounting for Bad Debts—Comparison of the Two Approaches Kandel Company had the following data available for 2016 (before making any adjustments): Required Prepare the journal entry to recognize bad debts under the following assumptions: (a) bad debts expense is expected to be 2% of net credit sales for the year and (b) Kandel expects it will not be able to collect 6% of the balance in accounts receivable at year-end. Assume instead that the balance in the allowance account is a $2,600 debit. How will this affect your answers to part (1)?arrow_forward
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- Hardys Landscape Services total revenue on account for 2018 amounted to 273,205. The company, which uses the allowance method, estimates bad debts at percent of total revenue on account. Required Journalize the following selected entries: 2012 Dec. 12Record services performed on account for E. E. Morton, 245. 31Record the adjusting entry for Bad Debts Expense. 31Record the closing entry for Bad Debts Expense. 2013 Feb. 18Write off the account of E. E. Morton as uncollectible, 245. Check Figure Adjusting entry amount, 1,366.03arrow_forwardOlena Mirrors records bad debt using the allowance, balance sheet method. They recorded $343,160 in accounts receivable for the year and $577,930 in credit sales. The uncollectible percentage is 4.4%. On June 11, Olena Mirrors identifies one uncollectible account from Nadia White in the amount of $4,265. On September 14, Nadia Chernoff unexpectedly pays $1,732 toward her account. Record journal entries for the following. A. Year-end adjusting entry for 2017 bad debt B. June 11, 2018 identification entry C. Entry for payment on September 14, 2018arrow_forwardMillennium Associates records bad debt using the allowance, balance sheet method. They recorded $299,420 in accounts receivable for the year, and $773,270 in credit sales. The uncollectible percentage is 3.2%. On November 22, Millennium Associates identifies one uncollectible account from Angels Hardware in the amount of $3,650. On December 18, Angels Hardware unexpectedly pays its account in full. Record journal entries for the following. A. Year-end adjusting entry for 2017 bad debt B. November 22, 2018 identification entry C. Entry for payment on December 18, 2018arrow_forward
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