Principles of Human Physiology (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134169804
Author: Cindy L. Stanfield
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8, Problem 2E
Suppose that all the calcium could be removed from the extracellular fluid surrounding a neuron. Such removal would inhibit the ability of a neuron to
a. Produce action potentials.
b. Release neurotransmitter.
c. Respond to the binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor.
d. Degrade neurotransmitters.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Both potassium and sodium channels located along the nerve membrane are voltage-gated. This means that they respond to the changes in the voltage by opening and closing the gates to allow the ions to flow in or out of the membrane.
When the threshold level is reached and depolarization occurs, how come only the sodium ions begin to rush in?
a. The threshold levels for both sodium and potassium channels are equal, but sodium channels are slower to open.
b. The threshold levels for both sodium and potassium channels are equal, but potassium channels take longer to open.
c. The threshold level for the potassium channels is lower than the sodium channels.
d. The threshold level for the potassium channels is higher than the sodium channels.
In an experiment you place a neuron and its synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions. You stimulate the neuron causing an action potential to propagate down the axon into the axon terminal of the neuron. 3.) What is the most likely result of this experimental manipulation?
A. Prolong the refractory period of the action potential
B. Decrease the time required to move sodium ions out of the axon terminal
C. Prevent neurotransmitter from binding to receptors on postsynaptic cells
D. Enhance the voltage changes associated with the action potential
E. Prevent release of neurotransmitter into the synapse
The release of a neurotransmitter from a terminal button produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in the postsynaptic neuron. What is the most likely mechanism by which this occurs?
A.
the neurotransmitter opens chemically activated chloride channels
B.
the neurotransmitter activates a second messenger which then opens calcium channels
C.
the neurotransmitter is glutamate
D.
the neurotransmitter acts on a G-protein linked receptor which opens sodium channels
Chapter 8 Solutions
Principles of Human Physiology (6th Edition)
Ch. 8.2 -
What are the essential differences between a...Ch. 8.2 - List the steps involved in the transmission of...Ch. 8.2 - Following its release, a neurotransmitter can be...Ch. 8.2 - Activation of which type of receptor—ionotropic or...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 8.2.2QCCh. 8.2 - Prob. 8.2.3QCCh. 8.3 - Prob. 8.3.1QCCh. 8.3 - Prob. 8.3.2QCCh. 8.4 - Prob. 8.4.1QCCh. 8.4 - Prob. 8.4.2QC
Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 1CTQCh. 8.5 - Prob. 2CTQCh. 8.5 - Prob. 3CTQCh. 8.5 - Prob. 1aCTQCh. 8.5 - Prob. 2aCTQCh. 8.5 - Compare and contrast the differences between...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 8.5.1QCCh. 8.5 - Prob. 8.5.2QCCh. 8.5 - Prob. 8.5.3QCCh. 8.5 - Prob. 8.5.4QCCh. 8 - Prob. 1ECh. 8 - Suppose that all the calcium could be removed from...Ch. 8 - Prob. 3ECh. 8 - Prob. 4ECh. 8 - Prob. 5ECh. 8 - Prob. 6ECh. 8 - Prob. 7ECh. 8 - Prob. 8ECh. 8 - Prob. 9ECh. 8 - Prob. 10ECh. 8 - Prob. 11ECh. 8 - Prob. 12ECh. 8 - Prob. 13ECh. 8 - Prob. 14ECh. 8 - Prob. 15ECh. 8 - Prob. 16ECh. 8 - Prob. 17ECh. 8 - Prob. 18ECh. 8 - Prob. 19ECh. 8 - Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the formation of _____...Ch. 8 - Describe the sequence of events occurring at a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 22ECh. 8 - Explain the ionic basis of a fast EPSP.Ch. 8 - Explain the role of axoaxonic synapses.Ch. 8 - Describe the steps of the cAMP second messenger...Ch. 8 - From this voltage tracing for cell 1, one can...Ch. 8 - If you were to observe an increase in action...Ch. 8 - 28. Given the following results, what would your...Ch. 8 - Alzheimer’s disease affects memory and cognitive...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What determines the effect of neurotransmitter release on the post-synaptic neurons? a. the size of the action potential. b. the post-synaptic receptors c. the neurotransmitter contained in the synaptic vesicles. d. the concentration of calcium ions reached in presynaptic terminals. e. the size of the synaptic vesicles.arrow_forwardA neuron must reach threshold to fire an action potential. In this context, threshold refers to which event? a. voltage at which damage occurs to the membrane because of the electrical charge b. the voltage at which potassium ions begin to flow in and out of the cell c. the voltage at which voltage-gated sodium channels open d. the voltage at which the neuron can no longer produce an action potential According to studies in developing rodents, testosterone treatment causes detectable changes in: a. the sex region Y gene b. the thalamus c. the hypothalamus d. alpha-fetoproteinarrow_forwardCalcium is vital for bone growth, but it's also an important part of neural transmission. The role of calcium in neural transmission is that it enables the axon terminals to effectively Select one: a. secrete neurotransmitter into the synapse via exocytosis b. reabsorb neurotransmitter from the synapse via endocytosis after an action potential c. reabsorb neurotransmitter from the synapse via exocytosis after an action potential d. secrete neurotransmitter into the synapse via endocytosisarrow_forward
- What membrane protein of the neuron is responsible for briefly increasing the Na+ permeability of the membrane during the rising phase of the nerve impulse? a. the sodium-potassium pump b. the voltage gated potassium channel c. the voltage gated sodium channel d. the stimulus gated sodium channel e. the ligand gated ion channelarrow_forwardWhat do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common?a. They both are more common in young men than in young women.b. They both impair the initiation of action potentials.c. They both damage the myelin sheath, disrupting action potential transmission.d. They both impair nerve function in the peripheral nervous systemarrow_forwardA neurotransmitter called "GABA" decreases the rate of action potential generation in neurons, but the effect can be overridden by excitatory neurotransmitters. Alcohol binds to the GABA receptor and has the same effect. Alcohol must Select one: a. Cause depolarization in neurons b. Cause hyperpolarization in neurons c. Block calcium entry at the axon terminus d. Block voltage-gated sodium channelsarrow_forward
- Predict what would happen if the calcium ion channels in the axon terminal were blocked a. It would inhibit exocytosis of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft b. It would activate exocytosis of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft c. It would shut off synaptic transmission between two neurons d. a and b e. a and carrow_forwardA biologist finds that a post-neuron responds to a pre-neuron’s AP in a mammal through a cell membrane pathway involving INTRACELLUAR Ca2+ RELEASE. Define what type of synapse this is and the specific possible mechanism (details!) about how binding the neurotransmitter on the post membrane causes this type of calcium release.arrow_forwardIf we blocked all voltage-gated sodium channels in a lower motor neuron and then injected calcium into the axon terminus, the fibers in the associated motor unit would Select one: a. Contract as long as calcium levels were high and the neuron didn't run out of acetylcholine. b. Contract for only a brief period of time and then relax. c. Remain relaxed.arrow_forward
- Glutamate's effect when it binds with protein receptors on the post synaptic membrane is to: a. Initiate movement of potassium ions out of the membrane b. Initiate movement of sodium ions into the membrane c. Initiate movement of sodium ions out of the membrane d. Initiate movement of potassium ions into the membrane GABA is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Drugs that increase the level of GABA are used to treat diseases such as epilepsy where the signal transmission needs to be impaired. The effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane is to: a. hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane b. decrease the threshold level c. depolarize the postsynaptic membrane d. maintain the resting potential Calcium is vital for bone growth, but it's also an important part of neural transmission. Calcium is required for the axon terminal to: a. Reuptake the neurotransmitter via exocytosis b. The neurotransmitter to be released by endocytosis c. The neurotransmitter…arrow_forwardThe nerve impulses always travel in one direction from dendrites to axon terminals. What prevents an action potential from travelling backward? a. Hyperpolarization of the neuron makes the membrane more positive and prevents another action potential. b. After repolarization, the refractory period occurs, where the sodium ions are found outside the cell. c. After repolarization, the reversal of ions prevents another action potential as there would not be enough sodium ions outside the cell to rush in. d. The refractory period prevents another action potential by lowering the threshold potential.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the conduction of action potentials? a. Thicker axons are faster because there is more surface area on thicker axons. b. Myelin speeds conduction because the glial cells add voltage gated Na+ channels to the neuron. c. Diffusion of Na+ ions between the Nodes of Ranvier happens faster than the wave of opening and closing membrane proteins can travel. d. Neurons that don’t have myelin sheaths undergo saltatory conduction e. Action potentials move slowly.arrow_forward
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