Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408332
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 8, Problem 2CT
Review Figures 8.12 and 8.13. In cells, the primers for DNA synthesis are short strands of RNA, so each newly-synthesized strand of DNA has a segment of RNA al its 5′ end. As replication proceeds, DNA polymerases remove these RNA segments and fill in the resulting gaps with DNA. However, the gaps at the very 5′ ends of the new strands cannot be filled in with DNA. Why not?
FIGURE 8.12 DNA replication.
Green arrows show the direction of synthesis for each strand. The Y-shaped structure where the DNA molecule is being unwound is called a replication fork.
FIGURE 8.13 Discontinuous synthesis of DNA.
This close-up of a replication fork shows that only one of the two new DNA strands is assembled continuously. The other is assembled in short segments.
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Review Figures 8.12 and 8.13. In cells, the primers forDNA synthesis are short strands of RNA, so each newlysynthesized strand of DNA has a segment of RNA atits 5′ end. As replication proceeds, DNA polymerasesremove these RNA segments and fill in the resulting gapswith DNA. However, the gaps at the very 5′ ends of thenew strands cannot be filled in with DNA. Why not?DNA replication leaves exposed about 100 nucleotidesat the 5′ end of each template strand, and these singlestranded ends are removed. What are the effects of this“end problem” on a cell’s DNA as it continues to divide
(a) What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?(b) What is the function of DNA polymerase?(c) What are replication forks? Compare and contrast leading and lagging strands.
Answer all please
(a) Eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex than prokaryotic replication. Give one reason why this should be so.
(b) Why might eukaryotic cells need more kinds of DNA polymerases than bacteria?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 8 - HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE...Ch. 8 - HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE...Ch. 8 - HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE...Ch. 8 - HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE...Ch. 8 - HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE...Ch. 8 - Which is not a nucleotide base in DNA? a. adenine...Ch. 8 - What are the base-pairing rules for DNA? a. AG, TC...Ch. 8 - Similarities in ________ are the basis of...Ch. 8 - One species DNA differs from others in its _____....Ch. 8 - In eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA wraps around...
Ch. 8 - The chromosome number ______. a. refers to a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 7SQCh. 8 - When DNA replication begins, ______. a. the two...Ch. 8 - Which of the following is/are not required for DNA...Ch. 8 - Energy that drives the attachment of a nucleotide...Ch. 8 - The phrase "5 prime to 3 prime" refers to the...Ch. 8 - After DNA replication, a eukaryotic chromosome...Ch. 8 - Match the terms appropriately. ______...Ch. 8 - All mutations ________. a. result from radiation...Ch. 8 - Prob. 15SQCh. 8 - Determine the complementary strand of DNA that...Ch. 8 - Review Figures 8.12 and 8.13. In cells, the...Ch. 8 - Woolly mammoths have been extinct for about 4,000...Ch. 8 - Xeroderma pigmentosum is an inherited disorder...
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- The following diagram represents a DNA molecule that is undergoing replication. Draw in the strands of newly synthesized DNA and identify (a) the polarity of the newly synthesized strands, (b) the leading and lagging strands, (c) Okazaki fragments, and (d) RNA primers. Origin 3' 5' 5' 3' Unwindirg Unwinding Originarrow_forward1) The function of ligase is to seal nicks in the backbone of a DNA strand. The function of AP endonuclease is to create a nick in the backbone of a DNA molecule adjacent to an apurinic site, which allows DNA polymerase II access to the DNA to repair the damage and prevent a mutation resulting from the use of a damaged or erroneous strand of DNA as template during DNA replication. Why doesn't ligase simply seal up the nicks the AP endonuclease introduces before DNA pol II can do anything?arrow_forwarda) How is the lagging strand made in DNA replication? Include important enzymes and structures. How is this different from the synthesis of the leading strand? How is the structure of mRNA suited to its function? How is the structure of tRNA suited to its function? How is the structure of the nucleus suited to its function for protein synthesis?arrow_forward
- 3barrow_forwardDescribe three (3) effects on DNA replication if DNA polymerase could build DNA in both directions – in both the 5’ to 3’ direction and the 3’ to 5’ direction.arrow_forward5) In DNA replication, which of the following events happens during both leading and lagging strand synthesis? a. RNA primers help initiate DNA synthesis. b. Topoisomerase separates complementary strands of DNA. c. Ligase joins together multiple Okazaki fragments. d. DNA polymerase synthesizes a single, continuous strand of DNA. Explain WHY? 6) Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the presence of this radioactive base? a. One of the daughter cells, but not the other, would have radioactive DNA. b. Neither of the two daughter cells would be radioactive. c. All four bases of the DNA would be radioactive. d. DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive. Explain WHY?arrow_forward
- The following diagrams represent DNA molecules that are undergoing replication. Draw in the strands of newly synthesized DNA and identify (a) the polarity of the newly synthesized strands, (b) the leading and lagging strands, (c) Okazaki fragments, and (d) RNA primers.arrow_forward(d) Write down the sequences of the templates that would give the tetranucleotides shown in I and II. In each case, label the 5' and 3' ends and indicate which template base is used first. (e) What difference would it make to bidirectional DNA replication if both modes of chain extension were equally favourable? I IIarrow_forwardDeoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are the necessary and fundamental monomers for polymerization of DNA. However, DNA replication also requires ribonucleoside triphosphates. Why? More than one answer is correct. Question 8 options: new DNA chains are initiated on an RNA primer synthesized from ribonucleoside triphosphates by primase. DNA helicase uses the energy of ATP (a ribonucleoside triphosphate) to unwind the DNA double helix before DNA synthesis can occur. unlike DNA polymerase epsilon, DNA polymerase delta incorporates ribonucleotides into the growing polymer to synthesize the lagging strand ribonucleoside triphosphates are converted into deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates by DNA polymerase immediately before incorporation. DNA is first synthesized as RNA which is converted to DNA by removal of the 2'-OH (2' hydroxyl) from the pentose sugars in the backbone by DNA polymerase.arrow_forward
- Match the enzymes involved in DNA replication with their function. Primase [ Choose ] [ Choose] Synthesizes short RNA segment to initiate new DNA strand Helicase Main enzyme that extends RNA primer by adding DNA nucleotides to it Stabilizes single-stranded DNA Relieves over-winding of DNA ahead of the replication fork Removes RNA primers preceding Okazaki fragment and replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides Single-stranded binding proteins Unwinds DNA helix Synthesizes the ends of the linear chromosome Seals nicks between adjacent DNA segments DNA polymerase III [ Choose ] DNA polymerasel [ Choose ] DNA Ligase [ Choose ] Topoisomerase [ Choose ]arrow_forwardThe reaction in DNA replication catalyzed by DNA ligase isa) Addition of new nucleotides to the leading strandb) Addition of new nucleotide to the lagging strandc) Formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3’-OH of one Okazaki fragment and the 5’-phosphate of the next on the lagging strandd) Base pairing of the template and the newly formed DNA strandarrow_forward(a) What will be the problem during DNA replication if the enzyme primase becomes non-functional? (b) In which step of the central dogma is the genetic information of DNA copied into new DNA strands? (c) Which of the following codons is a start codon: GCU, AUG or UGA?arrow_forward
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