
The general solution of the equation, x′=(2−13−2)x+(ett).

Answer to Problem 1P
The general solution of x′=(2−13−2)x+(ett) is obtained as, x(t)=c1(13)e−t+c2(11)et+(32t−1432t−34)et+(12)t−(01)(−23et−e−t−1√3et+2√3e−t)_.
Explanation of Solution
The given system of equations is,
x′=(2−13−2)x+(ett)
It is noted that, the given system is a non-homogeneous system.
Consider the homogeneous part. That is,
x′=(2−13−2)x
This is of the form, x′=Ax, where A=(2−13−2).
The eigenvalues r and the eigenvectors ξ satisfy the equation, |A−rI|ξ=0. That is,
|A−rI|ξ=0|2−r−13−2−r|(ξ1ξ2)=(00)(2−r)(−2−r)+3=0r2−1=0
The roots of the above characteristic equation is obtained as follows.
r2−1=0r2=1
Thus, the solutions are, r1=−1,r2=1. That is, the solutions are real and different.
Set r1=−1 in the coefficient matrix. That is,
(2+1−13−2+1)=(3−13−1)
On solving, (3−13−1)(ξ1ξ2)=(00), the following equation is obtained.
3ξ1−ξ2=0
Let ξ1=1, then the above equation becomes, ξ2=3.
Then, the eigen vector formed is, ξ=(13).
Thus, the first solution of the homogeneous solution is, ξ(1)=(13)c2e−t.
Set r2=1 in the coefficient matrix. That is,
(2−1−13−2−1)=(1−13−3)
On solving, (1−13−3)(ξ1ξ2)=(00), the following equation is obtained.
ξ1−ξ2=0ξ1=ξ2
Let ξ1=1, then from the above equation, ξ2=1.
Then, the eigen vector formed is, ξ=(11).
Thus, the second solution of the homogeneous solution is, ξ(2)=c1(11)et.
Therefore, the matrix T of eigen vectors is,
T=(ξ(1),ξ(2))=(1131)
Then, the inverse of T is, T−1=−12(1−1−31).
It is noted from the given equation that, g(t)=(ett).
Now consider the equation, x=Ty. Then, the following equation is obtained.
y′=Dy+T−1g(t) …(1) where, D=(r100r2)
Substitute the eigen values and inverse of T in the equation (1) as follows.
y′=Dy+T−1g(t)(y1′y2′)=(−1001)(y1y2)−12(1−1−31)(ett)
Thus, the following two linear differential equations are obtained.
y1′=−y1−12et+12t …(2)y2′=y2+32et−12t …(3)
Consider the equation (2). The integral factor is,
μ(t)=e∫p(t)dt=e−t
Multiply the obtained integral factor throughout the equation (2) and y1 is obtained as,
y1=c1e−t−14et+12t−12 …(4)
Similarly, multiply the obtained integral factor et throughout the equation (3) and y2 is obtained as,
y2=32tet+12t+12+c2et …(5)
The solution is given by the equation, x=Ty. That is, x(t)=T(y1y2) …(6).
Substitute the obtained solutions in the equation (6) as follows.
x(t)=(1131)(y1y2)=(1131)(c1e−t−14et+12t−1232tet+12t+12+c2et)=(c1e−t−14et+12t−12+32tet+12t+12+c2et3(c1e−t−14et+12t−12)+32tet+12t+12+c2et)=c1(13)e−t+c2(11)et+(32t−1432t−34)et+(12)t−(01)
Therefore, the general solution of x′=(2−13−2)x+(ett) is obtained as, x(t)=c1(13)e−t+c2(11)et+(32t−1432t−34)et+(12)t−(01)(−23et−e−t−1√3et+2√3e−t)_.
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Chapter 7 Solutions
Elementary Differential Equations
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