Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(b)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(c)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(d)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(e)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(f)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 7 Solutions
Essential Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition)
- Build a model of methylcyclohexane, and use the model to complete the following Newmanprojections of methylcyclohexane in the chair conformation: a. When the methyl group is in an axial or equatorial (circle one) position, the molecule is inits lowest potential energy conformation. b. Label one Newman projection above anti and the other gauche to describe the relationshipbetween the methyl group and C3 of the ring. c. In general, which is a lower PE conformation, anti or gauche? d. Explain how your answer to b and c provide an explanation for why it is more favorable fora large group to be in an equatorial than an axial position.arrow_forwardTRUE or FALSE. All electron-withdrawing substituents of benzene will tend to direct subsequent substituents at the 2 position in the ring.arrow_forward1 i. What is Resonance Theory? Sate five conclusions that can be drawn from the theory. ii. State the two main experiments that were used to establish the extra stability of the benzene molecule. iii. What are the factors that confer Aromaticity to an organic molecule? iv. State the effects of substituents on a benzene derivative towards further aromatic substitution. V. Based on the above suggest the various types of substituents that can be attached to Benzene.arrow_forward
- For each ee value (enantiomeric excess value), calculate the percentage of each enantiomer presentarrow_forwardWhich group in each pair is assigned the higher priority in R,S nomenclature? a. – CD3, – CH3 b. – CH(CH3)2, – CHOH c. – CH2Cl, – CH2CH2CH2Br d. – CH2NH2, – NHCH3arrow_forwardPentene is a most elusive molecule that has never been isolated before. However, the pentalene dianion is well known and very stable. Both compounds are polar. Use all four stipulations of Huckels rule to explain these stabilityarrow_forward
- what aromatic annulene has the same number of bond molecular orbital as the hypothetical all cis (20) annulenearrow_forwardCircle the molecule in each pair that is more stable, and write the reason why you selected that moleculearrow_forwardIs this compound E or Z designation? It looks like the two Cl would be of higher proirity than the CHCl and the H on the other side, but I am not sure if this would be considered the same side or opposite sides. When splitting the bond vertically down the middle, the two Cl are on the same side, but opposite sides from the CHCl and the H. I am unsure if this compound is Z or E designation.arrow_forward
- True or false: Any substituent of a benzene ring that has a lone electron pair will always be a ortho-para operator.arrow_forwardGive a molecular formula for your product if it contains no oxygens. Give the molecular formulas if your product contains one and two oxygens (some may not be possible). The molecular formula for if my molecule does not have any oxygens is C6H6, if it has one oxygen it would be C7H6O, if it was two it would be C8H7O2. Calculate the index of hydrogen deficiency, and therefore the number of rings and/or p- bonds in your unknown for each of the molecular formulas in question 3. Show yourcalculationarrow_forwardAssign every stereo center in callyspongiolide as either R or S using CIP notationarrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning