Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781259188138
Author: Peter H Raven, George B Johnson Professor, Kenneth A. Mason Dr. Ph.D., Jonathan Losos Dr., Susan Singer
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 7, Problem 2S
Human babies and hibernating or cold-adapted animals are able to maintain body temperature (a process called thermogenesis) due to the presence of brown fat. Brown fat is characterized by a high concentration of mitochondria. These brown fat mitochondria have a special protein located within their inner membranes. Thermogenin is a protein that functions as a passive proton transporter. Propose a likely explanation for the role of brown fat in thermogenesis based on your knowledge of
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Chapter 7 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 7 - Prob. 1UCh. 7 - Which of the following processes is (are) required...Ch. 7 - Which of the following is NOT a product of...Ch. 7 - Glycolysis produces ATP by a. phosphorylating...Ch. 7 - What is the role of NAD+ in the process of...Ch. 7 - The reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in the a....Ch. 7 - The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be a....Ch. 7 - Prob. 1ACh. 7 - Prob. 2ACh. 7 - Prob. 3A
Ch. 7 - What is the importance of fermentation to cellular...Ch. 7 - Prob. 5ACh. 7 - Prob. 6ACh. 7 - Yeast cells that have mutations in genes that...Ch. 7 - Use the following table to outline the...Ch. 7 - Human babies and hibernating or cold-adapted...Ch. 7 - Recent data indicate a link between colder...
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- The fatty acid side chains of the phospholipids in the inner mitochondrial membrane exhibit a large proportion of multiple unsaturations. As a result, will the membrane be hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Also will it be more fluid or more rigid? How do these characteristics help explain the observation that the inner membrane is impermeable to ions such as Mg2+ and Cl–? Hint: what moves these ions through the membrane?arrow_forwardIn contrast to phospholipids, the transport of fatty acids across membranes is much more rapid (less than a second). Propose an explanation for this observation.arrow_forwardIn hepatocytes, the enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the ATP-coupled phosphorylation of glucose. Glucokinase binds both ATP and glucose, forming a glucose-ATP-enzyme complex. The enzyme then transfers the phosphoryl group directly from ATP to glucose. Select the advantages of phosphoryl group transfer compared to hydrolysis and subsequent phosphorylation? ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically unfavorable compared to group transfer. Glucokinase increases the transition state energy, favoring glucose phosphorylation. The process takes advantage of the high phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP. Reaction intermediates do not need to be present in excess. Incorrectarrow_forward
- The production of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient powers the production of ATP in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an organic compound that 'undoes' the hydrogen ion concentration gradient without the production of ATP. It does this by increasing the membrane permeability to hydrogen ions. One use of DNP is as a herbicide.For a brief period in the 1930s, DNP was marketed as a diet pill. Because DNP prevents the production of ATP, the human body will begin to use alternate forms of energy. The result is an increase in the metabolism of fats in the body, thus reducing total body fat. In the presence of DNP, the energy that normally would be converted to ATP for use in the cells is converted to heat instead, causing dangerously high body temperatures.DNP is classified as an illegal substance in Canada and the U.S. although it is still marketed as a commercial chemical. In recent years, several deaths have been reported, primarily in the…arrow_forwardThe energy for the production of ATP comes from the breakdown of a glucose molecule via many enzyme-mediated chemical reactions occurring at several distinct stages of cellular respiration. During this time, the chemical energy stored in glucose is continually trans- ferred across these reactions. Which of the following describes the form in which most of the energy from the glucose molecule is stored just before the oxidative phosphorylation stage in aerobic cellular respiration? A B с D acetyl CoA FADH 2 NADH pyruvatearrow_forwardAlthough the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: The ATP generated by oxidative respiration is used throughout the cell. The majority of ATP production occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. How do you think ATP is made accessible to enzymes in the cytosol and other organelles?arrow_forward
- Increased energy demands (increase in ATP being made in the cell) on the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation should change the pH of the intermembrane of the mitochondria to...? Select one: a. More acidic due to the increase in protons being pumped. b. No change since pH is not altered with increased proton concentration. c. More basic due to the increase in protons being pumped.arrow_forwardIn contrast to phospholipids, the transport of fatty acids across membranesis much more rapid (less than a second). Propose an explanation for this observation.arrow_forwardUnder aerobic conditions when glucose is limiting, with high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as carbon-2 radiolabeled pyruvate is utilized for its carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver? Select all that apply. **Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation. Glucose C-2 only Label is halved over many TCA cycles Oxaloacetate Glucose C-1 and C-6 Glucose C-2 and C-5 CO2 from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel Lactate C-2 for export Malate Pyruvate C-1arrow_forward
- Fatty acid chains after subjected to degradative enzymes in the intestines are hydrolyzed (hydrolysis) into 2 Carbon acetic acid fragments (Each fragment becomes an acetyl Co-A molecule). What stage of cellular respiration will this product of lipolysis enter? How many ATP can one fragment produce in cellular respiration?arrow_forwardThe second law of thermodynamics, in a very general sense, states that entropy (S) is always increasing. ASuniverse AS system + AS surroundings > 0 When phospholipids are dispersed in an aqueous solution, they will often form more ordered structures in the form of micelles, liposomes, or lipid bilayers. This behavior seemingly contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. Why is this behavior in agreement with the second law of thermodynamics? Liposome Micelle Bilayer sheetarrow_forwardConsider a triglyceride molecule (dietary fat) and it’s components. If a cell uses a triglyceride molecule as an energy source, at which processes (stages) of cell respiration do the components enter cell respiration? 3.Which phosphate bond in ATP is broken or made to release or contain energy? 4.Cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells is aerobic. Briefly define the term aerobic. 5.Consider question #4above. Briefly describethe role or function of oxygen in cellular respiration? 6.At which stage is the greatest amount of carbon dioxide released? 7.What is the function of the molecule NADHand FADH2? 8.What is the role of protons (hydrogen ions)in the electron transport chain. 9.Briefly describe the function of ATP synthase. 10.Briefly describe the mechanism of action for the poison cyanide.arrow_forward
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