Chapter 6, Problem 49P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given compound should be prepared using alkene and other reagents.

Concept Introduction:

Addition of$H_2$:

Catalytic hydrogenation in presence of $\text{Pd/C}$ is an example for syn addition of hydrogen.

For cyclic reactants, the addition of $H_2$ will form cis enantiomers since two hydrogens adds to one side of the double bond.

Enantiomers: they are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Enantiomers are given configuration as R or S based on the atoms bonded with chiral (carbon bonded with four different substituents) carbon.

Carbocation: carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Nucleophile: It donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given compound should be prepared using alkene and other reagents.

Concept Introduction:

Addition of$H_2$:

Catalytic hydrogenation in presence of $\text{Pd/C}$ is an example for syn addition of hydrogen.

For cyclic reactants, the addition of $H_2$ will form cis enantiomers since two hydrogens adds to one side of the double bond.

Enantiomers: they are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Enantiomers are given configuration as R or S based on the atoms bonded with chiral (carbon bonded with four different substituents) carbon.

Carbocation: carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Nucleophile: It donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given compound should be prepared using alkene and other reagents.

Concept Introduction:

Addition of hydrogen halides:

In the addition of hydrogen halides over alkenes, first the ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ gets bonded to carbon and forms most stable carbocation which then the halide ion bonds with carbocation that results in formation of product.

Carbocation: carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Nucleophile: It donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.