Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781119390114
Author: Black
Publisher: WILEY
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Chapter 6, Problem 4.2SC
What is returned to chlorophyll in cyclic photophosphorylation that is not returned in noncyclic photoreduction?
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In chloroplasts, the light reactions power the creation of ATP via chemiosmosis. In relation to this process, which of the following is true?
a) ATP synthase breaks ATP down into ADP, creating energy to fuel chemiosmosis.
b) Oxygen is used as a source of electrons to replace those lost in photosystem II.
c) Chemiosmosis during the light reactions is also used in the reduction of NADPH and FADH2.
d) As excited electrons fall back down to a lower energy state, they create a proton gradient that is used to fuel the phosphorylation of ADP.
In cyclic photophosphorylation, it is estimated that two electrons must be passed through the cycle to pump enough protons to generate one ATP. Assuming that the ΔG for hydrolysis of ATP under conditions existing in the chloroplast is about -50 kJ/mol, what is the corresponding percent efficiency of cyclic photophosphorylation, using light of 700 nm?
1) When a leaf on an oak tree absorbs 15,440 photons, how many glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules can be produced by the Calvin cycle?
b)When a leaf on an oak tree absorbs 15,440 photons, how many glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules can be produced by the Calvin cycle?
Chapter 6 Solutions
Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
Ch. 6 - How are photosynthesis and respiration related to...Ch. 6 - What is the main difference between...Ch. 6 - Distinguish between coenzyme and cofactor. How are...Ch. 6 - Prob. 2.2SCCh. 6 - Prob. 3.1SCCh. 6 - If four actual molecules of ATP are produced for...Ch. 6 - Prob. 3.3SCCh. 6 - Prob. 3.4SCCh. 6 - Prob. 4.1SCCh. 6 - What is returned to chlorophyll in cyclic...
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- It is believed that the ratio of cyclic photophosphorylation to noncyclicphotophosphorylation changes in response to metabolic demands. Ineach of the following situations, would you expect the ratio to increase,decrease, or remain unchanged?(a) Chloroplasts carrying out both the Calvin cycle and the reduction ofnitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (This process does not require ATP.)(b) Chloroplasts carrying out not only the Calvin cycle but also extensiveactive transport(c) Chloroplasts using both the Calvin cycle and the C4 pathwayarrow_forwardWhat percentage of photosyntheticallyactive radiation is captured by plants?arrow_forwardIt is believed that the ratio of cyclic photophosphorylation to noncyclic photophosphorylation changes in response to metabolic demands. In each of the following situations, would you expect the ratio to increase, decrease, or remain unchanged? (a) Chloroplasts carrying out both the Calvin cycle and the reduction of nitrite (NO2 -) to ammonia (This process does not require ATP.) (b) Chloroplasts carrying out not only the Calvin cycle but also extensive active transport (c) Chloroplasts using both the Calvin cycle and the C4 pathwayarrow_forward
- In cyclic photophosphorylation in photosystem I, ATP is produced, even though water is not split. Explain how the process takes place.arrow_forwardWhat is the significance that the combined absorption spectra of chlorophylls a and b roughly match the action spectrum of photosynthesis? Wouldphotosynthesis be more efficient if their individual absorption spectra coincided exactly?arrow_forwardThere are two photosystems ( I and II) involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. What is the functional difference between these two photosystems?arrow_forward
- What is the process of damaging of photosynthetic pigments at very high temperature?arrow_forwardDRAW a curved arrow mechanism for photosynthesis with the following steps. Step 1: Absorption of sunlight and excitation of chlorophyll molecules Step 2: Transfer of energy to reaction center chlorophylls, which lose an electron and become oxidized. Step 3: Electron transfer from oxidized chlorophylls to an electron acceptor, such as a quinone molecule Step 4: Electron transfer from the quinone molecule to a chain of electron carriers, such as cytochromes, which generate a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane Step 5: ATP synthesis by ATP synthase using the energy of the proton gradient. Step 6: Transfer of electrons from the electron carriers to the enzyme rubisco, which catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) with CO2, forming an unstable 6-carbon intermediate. Step 7: Cleavage of the 6-carbon intermediate into two 3-carbon molecules, which are phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by NADPH to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Step 8: Conversion of G3P to…arrow_forwardHow many net ATP molecules are consumed during the dark reactions of photosynthesis for each molecule of hexose synthesized?arrow_forward
- Chloroplast ATP synthase contains 14 c subunits. How many protons must be translocated to the thylakoid lumen to support the synthesis of one ATP?arrow_forwardExplain, using a simple diagram, the relationship between acyclic photophosphorylation (photophase) and the Calvin cycle (dark phase).arrow_forwardThe absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a differs from the actionspectrum of photosynthesis. Explain this observation.arrow_forward
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