EBK BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 8220102797352
Author: Raven
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 6, Problem 2S
Phosphofructokinase functions to add a phosphate group to a molecule of fructose 6-phosphate. This enzyme functions early in glycolysis, an energy-yielding biochemical pathway discussed in chapter 7. The enzyme has an active site that binds fructose and ATP. An allosteric inhibitory site also binds ATP when cellular levels of ATP are very high.
a. Predict the
b. Predict the rate of the reaction if levels of cellular ATP are very high.
c. Describe what is happening to the enzyme when levels of ATP are very high.
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Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate donor such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a substrate. A well‑known kinase is hexokinase. Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of the glycolysis cycle, and converts glucose to glucose‑6‑phosphate.
The reaction of glucose with ATP is shown. The enzyme‑bound base is abbreviated as :B−, and ATP is abbreviated as a diphosphate bonded to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate donor such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a substrate. A well‑known kinase is hexokinase. Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of the glycolysis cycle, and converts glucose to glucose‑6‑phosphate.
The reaction of glucose with ATP is shown. The enzyme‑bound base is abbreviated as :B−, and ATP is abbreviated as a diphosphate bonded to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
The first arrow of the reaction mechanism is drawn for you; draw the remaining curved arrows to show how phosphorylation occurs.
A. Explain why it is important that an energy producing pathway contains at least
one regulatory enzyme, you can use either glycolysis or TCA enzymes to
discuss this answer
B. The first step in glycolysis involves the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-
phosphate. Briefly explain how this reaction occurs as it is an endergonic
reaction.
C. Why is it important that the cell has a number of different high-energy
biomolecules?
Chapter 6 Solutions
EBK BIOLOGY
Ch. 6 - A covalent bond between two atoms represents what...Ch. 6 - During a redox reaction the molecule that gains an...Ch. 6 - Prob. 3UCh. 6 - A spontaneous reaction is one in which a. the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 5UCh. 6 - Which of the following is NOT a properly of a...Ch. 6 - Where is the energy stored in a molecule of ATP?...Ch. 6 - Prob. 1ACh. 6 - Which of the following statements is NOT true...Ch. 6 - Prob. 3A
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- Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis. An Allosteric inhibitor of PFK is ATP. An allosteric activator is AMP (and low ATP concentrations in the cell). Draw the plot of the reaction velocity vs. fructose-6-phosphate substrate concentration for both the high ATP cell concentrations and low ATP/high AMP) concentrations.arrow_forwardCoupled reactions occur where a nonspontaneous reaction is enabled by coupling it to a spontaneous reaction. This approach is common in biological settings. Determine if ATP could be generated by this biochemical reaction. You have calculated that cell potential is +0.637V. An example of a coupled reaction is the first step of glycolysis, the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate shown below. The net ∆Gº for this reaction isarrow_forwarda. Calculate how many carbons from an original glucose molecule will enter into the TCA cycle? (please provide your answer in number like 1, 2, 3) b. Based on the question you answered above what happens to the carbons that do not enter the cycle (write what it converts into)?arrow_forward
- Coupled reactions occur where a nonspontaneous reaction is enabled by coupling it to a spontaneous reaction. This approach is common in biological settings. Determine if ATP could be generated by this biochemical reaction. You have calculated that cell potential is +0.637V. An example of a coupled reaction is the first step of glycolysis, the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate shown below. kJ/mol The net AG° for this reaction is 1 2 3 н он H. H- H- H H H H 4 6. H. glucose phosphate anion glucose-6-phosphate AG = +14.0 kJ/mol 7 8 9. АТР ADP phosphate anion AG = -30.5 kJ/mol +/- LOarrow_forwardGive an example of one enzyme that participates in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Evaluate the structures of chemical reactants and products and the enthalpic and entropic contributions to Gibbs free energy change for the reaction. Explain how the enzyme is able to catalyze the reaction (either direction.)arrow_forwarda.Write the balanced reactions catalyzed by complex I, II, III, and 1V, and using these, write the balanced net reaction for the electron transport chain. Structures are not necessary. b. Write the balanced reaction for the ATP synthase reaction. c. Write the net reaction for Oxidative phosphorylation showing the ATP produced from NADH oxidation and FADH2 oxidation. (this is in your text) d. Write the balanced reaction for ATP production by aerobic metabolism starting with glucose.arrow_forward
- The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes the reaction fuctose 6 phosphate and ATP, functions as a tetramer and is regulated by several mechanisms, including allosteric regulation. Based on your knowledge of the homotropic regulation of PFK, draw a curve of the rate of Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate produced vs. [ATP].arrow_forwardIn the first stage of glycolysis, the hydroxyl group on C6 of glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). In this reaction, which of the following statements is true? a. O b. d. e. Glucose kinase is used to catalyze the reaction. Hexokinase is used to catalyze the reaction. A molecule of NADH is synthesized. One ATP is synthesized. Fructose kinase is used to catalyze the reaction.arrow_forwardThe effect of ATP on the allosteric enzyme PFK-1 is shown below. For a given concentration of fructose 6-phosphate, the PFK-1 activity increases with increasing concentrations of ATP, but a point is reached beyond which increasing the concentration of ATP inhibits the enzyme. (a) Explain how ATP can be both a substrate and an inhibitor of PFK-1. How is the enzyme regulated by ATP? (b) In what ways is glycolysis regulated by ATP levels? (c) The inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP is diminished when the ADP concentration is high, as shown in the illustration. How can this observation be explained? *A graph is included for this question*arrow_forward
- Back in 1962, Gerhart and Pardee developed a model for the regulation of the activity of the ATCase enzyme by CTP and ATP, using the pathway given in Figure 1. Describe that model, using information presented here as well as what you have learned about allosteric enzymes. Be sure to include a sentence explaining the physiological significance of your model.arrow_forwardConsider ten glucose molecules that enter a cell. How many ATP can be generated by the complete catabolism of these into CO2 and H2O? If all ten are first incorporated into glycogen, liberated from glycogen, and then fully catabolized into CO2 and H2O, does the ATP tally increase, decrease or stay the same? Consider that 1 UTP = 1 ATP. Explain. Describe the processes which produce ATP and provide a balanced equation of glucose, CO2, H2O and O2arrow_forwardDecide whether each of the following statements is true about leucine transaminase. It's an enzyme, and leucine is its substrate. It speeds up the rate at which leucine is converted to other substances. It's a small molecule, with a molecular weight around 50 mol If you were to write a chemical equation for certain biochemical reactions of leucine, leucine transaminase would appear on both sides. Otrue Ofalse Otrue Ofalse Otrue Ofalse Otrue Ofalse Xarrow_forward
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