Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 53.4, Problem 3R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The fact whether the formation of ice sheets in the temperate latitudes support the species diversification rate hypothesis or species diversification time, which resulted in latitudinal variation.
Introduction:
Species diversification rate is the rate, at which new species are formed and the already existing species extinct. This is also known as
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- Data shown in this figure describes the species richness of mammals and birds among a variety of Sky islands. Which of the following best fits the correlations represented in the graphs? 1) number of individuals increases with area and decreases with isolation 2) species richness increases with area and decreases with isolation 3) species diversity varies depending on area and isolation? Follow up question which model of species distribution and abundance does this data support? 1) Species area relationship 2) species accumulation curve 3) island-biogeography 4) rapoport’s rulearrow_forwardConsider the following hypothetical scenario: In a vast area of a land-locked town, two distinct forest formations can be found – (1) forest over limestone formation and (2) a lowland tropical forest. Researchers did an area-random sampling composed of 25 plots measuring 20mx20m for each of the two forest formations. Do you think the two forest formations have the same diversity index values and species richness? Why or why not?arrow_forwardWhy is the proportion of occupied patches in a metapopulation at equilibrium determined by the rates of patch colonization and extinction?arrow_forward
- The Ministry of the Environment (MMA) asks you to evaluate the effect of anthropogenic activity on the biodiversity of mammals in the foothills of the Central Zone in the last 20 years, which is known to be associated with significant habitat fragmentation. .Based on this information:a) Indicate 2 indicators of diversity indicating the change that you would expect to observe in them between the years 2000 and 2020. Give reasons for your answer.b) Draw the rarefaction curves that you would expect to obtain for the community in the study area in the year 2000 and in the year 2020.c) Indicate and explain 2 effects that you would expect to find on mammalian biodiversity by the year 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.arrow_forwardAllan Pounds and Kevin Anchukaitis both think only one factor - either climate change or an El Nino event - killed the golden toad. However, might they both be right? Could it be that the dry conditions created by the El Nino event were worsened by underlying climate change effects, so that El Nino and climate change together caused the extinction of the golden toad in Monteverde? Yes, the El Nino event in combination with climate change could have led to the extinction of the golden toad. Multiple factors can influence species' extinction. O No, only one factor - either climate change or El Nino - acting alone killed the golden toad. Species are only ever affected by one environmental factor, never by multiple factors.arrow_forwardLet's assume that you are given some additional data to calculate the effect of one of the invading species, Rudbeckia laciniata, on community species richness and species diversity, but in this case the data are from plots in the native range of Rudbeckia (i.e., North America). The hypothetical data are given in the tables. Plots with Rudbeckia laciniata Species A B C D E F G H I J Abundance (percentage of 20 15 plant cover) Species 15 10 Plots without Rudbeckia laciniata 10 10 5 5 5 5 A B C D E F G H I J Abundance (percentage of 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 plant cover) Calculate the species diversity (using the Shannon index, H) of plots with Rudbeckia. Round the answer to two decimal placesarrow_forward
- Let's assume that you are given some additional data to calculate the effect of one of the invading species, Rudbeckia laciniata, on community species richness and species diversity, but in this case the data are from plots in the native range of Rudbeckia (i.e., North America). The hypothetical data are given in the tables. Plots with Rudbeckia laciniata Species A B C D E F G H I J Abundance (percentage of 20 15 plant cover) Species 15 10 Plots without Rudbeckia laciniata 10 10 5 5 5 5 A B C D E F G H I J Abundance (percentage of 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 plant cover) Calculate the species richness of plots with Rudbeckia.arrow_forwardplease explain A drawback of the time hypothesis to explain the variation in species richness is that 1. Cannot account for algal diversity. 2. Fossils do not preserve well in the oceans. 3. Geological activity may interfere with species richness measurements. 4. It is not applicable to marine ecosystems because there was no glaciation in oceans. 5. Humans significantly modified marine environments.arrow_forwardConsider a species that occupies a large, but fixed, number of islands. The distribution of the species across all islands is maintained by a balance between local extinctions and local colonization events. Devise a model for the relationship between the fraction of islands occupied by the species and time. Be clear to outline the assumptions you make and be sure to describe your key predictions. Please provide a model for this relationship and be clear to outline the assumptions you make and be sure to describe your key predictionsarrow_forward
- The basic metapopulation model explains how to find the proportion of occupied patches, ?, in a fragmented habitat. In this model, ? is 1 minus the probability of extinction, ?, divided by the probability of colonization, ?. ?=1−?/? The basic metapopulation model also allows for the calculation of extinction rates and colonization rates. Use the data in the table to calculate the missing rates of extinction and rates of colonization. Round your answer to three decimal places.arrow_forwardIs the following statement consistent with the provided data? Answer TRUE if the statement is consistent with the data.Answer FALSE if the statement is not consistent with the data. 1. The evolution of freeze tolerance involves some factors that were not shaped directly by natural selection. 2. Because of their freeze tolerance, wood frogs may colonise more of the remainder of the island of Newfoundland than the leopard frog. 3. The distribution of the wood frog and leopard frog supports character displacement as a plausible hypothesis for why they overlap.arrow_forwardWhat would the extinction rate be for a 30 square mile island that is 1000 miles from the mainland and has 150 species on it. Assume the extinction probability for each individual species is 0.8 and the power scaling function is 0.25. Round your answer to two decimals, include a 0 before the decimal if necessary, and do not include units (i.e. O.XX)arrow_forward
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