Biology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780073383071
Author: Raven
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 5, Problem 3S
The distribution of lipids in the ER membrane is symmetric, that is, it is the same in both leaflets of the membrane. The Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane do not have symmetric distribution of membrane lipids. What kinds of processes could achieve this outcome?
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Cells transporting substances across their membranes is essential. Choose TWO of the following types of cellular transport.
๏osmosis ๏active transport ๏facilitated diffusion ๏endocytosis / exocytosis
(a)For each type of transport you choose, describe the transport process. Explain how the organization of cell membrane plays a role the movement of specific molecules across membrane.
(b)Using the same transport types, identify a specific cell that utilizes that type of transit (i.e. one cell for each transport type, or two different cell examples), and detail a substance that is transferred.
(c)A typical human lymphocyte has a radius of about 10 μm, while a typical bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae) has a radius of about 1 μm. Assuming that both cell types are perfectly spherical, compare and contrastthe transport mechanisms for each of these cells.
A transmembrane protein has the following properties: it has two binding sites, one for solute A and one for solute b. The protein can undergo a conformational change to switch between two states: either both binding sites are exposed exclusively on one side of the membrane or both binding sites are exposed exclusively on the other side of the membrane. The protein can switch between the two conformational states only if both binding sites are occupied or if both binding sites are empty, but cannot switch if only one binding site is occupied. What kind of protein do these properties define?
A transmembrane protein has the following properties: it has two binding sites, one for solute A and one for solute b. The protein can undergo a conformational change to switch between two states: either both binding sites are exposed exclusively on one side of the membrane or both binding sites are exposed exclusively on the other side of the membrane. The protein can switch between the two conformational states only if both binding sites are occupied or if both binding sites are empty, but cannot switch if only one binding site is occupied. Do you need to specify any additional properties to turn this protein into a symport that couples the movement of solute A up its concentration gradient to the movement of solute b down its electrochemical gradient?
Chapter 5 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 5 - The fluid mosaic model of the membrane describes...Ch. 5 - What chemical property characterizes the interior...Ch. 5 - The transmembrane domain of an integral membrane...Ch. 5 - The specific function of a membrane within a cell...Ch. 5 - The movement of water across a membrane is...Ch. 5 - If a cell is in an isotonic environment, then a....Ch. 5 - Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for...Ch. 5 - A bacterial cell that can alter the composition of...Ch. 5 - What variable(s) influence(s) whether a nonpolar...Ch. 5 - Which of the following does NOT contribute to the...
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- A scientist has noticed that the phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, displays an asymmetric distribution in the cell membrane. Where would you MOST likely predict to find a concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine? O In the cytosolic face of a transport vesicle leaving the trans Golgi network. In the cytosolic face of a transport vesicle leaving the endoplasmic reticulum. O In the non-cytosolic face of a late endosome fusing to the lysosome. O In the non-cytosolic face of a transport vesicle fusing to the plasma membrane.arrow_forwardEndocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of [ ACTIVE / PASSIVE ] transport that [ DO / DO NOT ] require energy. Outline an example/scenario in which a cell would need to perform a form of endocytosis. Outline an example/scenario in which a cell would need to perform exocytosis. a) Name the 3 specific types of endocytosis. b) Exocytosis is considered the opposite/reverse process as? Pls helparrow_forwardProteins may be bound to the exoplasmic or cytosolic face of the plasma membrane by way of covalently attached lipids. What are the three types of lipid anchors responsible for tethering proteins to the plasma-membrane bilayer? Which type is used by cell-surface proteins that face the external medium? By glycosylated proteoglycans?arrow_forward
- Proteins may be bound to the exoplasmic or cytosolic face of the plasma membrane by way of covalently attached lip- ids. What are the three types of lipid anchors responsible for tethering proteins to the plasma membrane bilayer? Which type is used by cell surface proteins that face the external medium? By glycosylated proteoglycans?arrow_forwardA cell with a K+1 concentration of 0.3 eq/L, and a Na+1 concentration of 0.1 mol/L is placed into a solution with a K+1 concentration of 0.2 eq/L, and a Na+1 concentration of 0.2 mol/L. It is assumed that the K+1 and Na+1 can both pass through the cell membrane (the K+1 and Na+1 transport proteins are open). Answer the following true or false questions. 1. Diffusion of a solute through the membrane is called dialysis 2. K+1 will dialyze (diffuse) out of the cell 3. Na+1 will dialyze (diffuse) into the cell 4. Like the diffusion of gases, diffusion of particles in a liquid is independent of the other solutesarrow_forwardas lipids are synthesized in the ER they are inserted into the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER . Explain how the plasma membrane has an equal number of lipids in both leaflets but an asymmetric distribution of specific types of lipids and what is this distributionarrow_forward
- The average concentration of salt in seawater is about 3.5 percent and the average concen- tration of salt in the human cellular environment is about 0.9 percent. Drinking seawater can be fatally harmful and is highly discouraged even in the most severe cases of dehydration. Which of the following provides the most likely cause for this fact? A B с D The increase in salt concentration in the extracellular environment will increase the per- meability of the cell membrane. The increase in salt concentration in the extracellular environment will cause the move- ment of water into the cell. The increase in salt concentration in the extracellular environment will cause the move- ment of water out of the cell. The increase in salt concentration in the extracellular environment will decrease the per- meability of the cell membrane.arrow_forwardThe figure above shows the organization of a protein that will eventually reside in the plasma membrane. The boxes labeled 1 and 2 represent membrane-spanning sequences and the arrow represents a site of action of signal peptidase. Which of the following statements must be TRUE about this protein? O a) Most of this protein will project from the cytosolic side of the membrane. O b) The mature version of this protein will span the membrane twice. c) This is a multi-pass membrane protein. O d) The mature version of this protein will span the membrane once.arrow_forward"Although lipid molecules are free to diffuse in the plane of the bilayer, they cannot flip-flop across the bilayer unless enzyme catalysts called phospholipid translocators are present in the membrane", is true or false.arrow_forward
- Gaucher disease, caused by the inhibited digestion of lipids, results in the accumulation of fatty acids within many organs in the body and leads to their subsequent dysfunction. Which of the following describes the most likely subcellular component and related process responsible for the development of Gaucher disease? A B с D Lysosomes contain insufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids. The Golgi complex produces vesicles with highly permeable membranes that cannot ef- fectively regulate the movement of particles. Mitochondria are not producing a sufficient amount of ATP required for the digestion of lipids. The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains an unusually high number of ribosomes, re- sulting in an overproduction of digestive enzymes.arrow_forwardIn order to investigate the action of a bacterial membrane protein that is a light-driven proton pump, you purify the protein and assemble it together with phospholipids into liposomes that contain an indicator dye, which is blue at high pH, colorless at neutral pH, and red at low pH. You then expose the liposomes, in an aqueous solution, to sunlight. The interior of the liposomes turn blue. Further investigatin of the proton pump protein you find that treatment of either intact bacteria or the purified protein with the protease chymotrypsin result in cleavage of the protein at a single site near the amino terminus, which destroys its capacity to pump protons. When you treat the liposomes described above with chymotrypsin, the interior of the liposomes remains colorless. Create an illustration/ diagram of that illustrates the orientation of the pump protein in the plasma membrane of the intact bacterium and the direction in which it pumps protons.arrow_forwardIn order to investigate the action of a bacterial membrane protein that is a light-driven proton pump, you purify the protein and assemble it together with phospholipids into liposomes that contain an indicator dye, which is blue at high pH, colorless at neutral pH, and red at low pH. You then expose the liposomes, in an aqueous solution, to sunlight. The interior of the liposomes turn blue. Further investigatin of the proton pump protein you find that treatment of either intact bacteria or the purified protein with the protease chymotrypsin result in cleavage of the protein at a single site near the amino terminus, which destroys its capacity to pump protons. When you treat the liposomes described above with chymotrypsin, the interior of the liposomes remains colorless. From these results create a diagram of that illustrates the orientation of the pump protein in the plasma membrane of the intact bacterium and the direction in which it pumps protons. Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
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The Cell Membrane; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsffT7XIXbA;License: Standard youtube license