Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393614008
Author: Clark Spencer Larsen
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 5, Problem 1ER
Summary Introduction
To define: Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule in association with climate adaptation.
Introduction: The Bergmann’s rule indicates that as latitude increases, the breadth of the body also increases. However, the Bergmann's rule is applied to all the warm-blooded animals, for example, human, which must regulate its body temperature.
Summary Introduction
To give: An example of an environmental factor, which may result in the body-shape development and which can deviate from the Bergmann’s and Allen’s rule.
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Natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding can both cause changes in animals and plants. The difference between the two is that natural selection happens naturally, but selective breeding only occurs when humans intervene. Changes in genetic traits have occurred over generations through both natural selection and selective breeding although the occur through different means. What characterizes only artificial selection? Choose all that apply.
A) chickens that lay larger eggs are favored
B) selection increases the chances of surviving
C) selection make a species stronger and fit for survival
D) selection favors the desired characters in the new organisms
Which of the following promotes adaptive evolution in populations?
A)High genetic diversity
B)Selection pressure for an environmental factor that is changing
C)Greater survival and reproduction in organisms with inherited traits
D)All of the above
At what rate do adaptations occur in populations?
A)Adaptations occur slowly, due to very low mutation rates.
B)Adaptations occur quickly, due to the ability of organisms to quickly acquire traits from their environment.
C)Adaptation rates can be fast when selection pressures are strong.
D)Adaptation rates are always slow, due to genetic drift.
Gene flow among populations results in which impact on adaptation?
A)It increases the occurrence of adaptation by introducing new genes.
B)It slows the process of adaptation by introducing alleles that keep the population from being dominated by the alleles best suited for the environment.
C)It increases the occurrence of adaptation by moving traits acquired…
Which of the following is true about adaptation?
a) It occurs through the inheritance of acquired characteristics
b) It always results in the evolution of new traits
c) It is a result of chance mutations
d) It is the result of natural selection acting on heritable variation
Chapter 5 Solutions
Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
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- Choose all of the correct statements about complex adaptations: Complex adaptations might evolve through a combination of of gene recruitment and promiscuous proteins. The parts of a complex adaptation may have evolved for a different function originally. Complex adaptations require all parts of the adaptation to evolve simultaneously. Complex adaptation do not evolve by natural selection. Complex adaptations are composed of multiple, different traits, such as behavior and physiology. Complex adaptations are 'irreducibly complex'. Complex adaptations are the result of parallel evolution. omplex adaptations always take thousands of years to evolve.arrow_forwardWe often observe the evolutionary loss of “useless” organs, such as the eyes in many cave-dwelling animals. a) Provide two different hypotheses to explain this loss: an adaptive and a nonadaptive hypothesis. b) How might these hypotheses be tested? Describe what type of data you would need to collect, or potential experiments.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is correct concerning adaptations? (Choose one.) Group of answer choices a)They always increase an organism's ability to survive better than other individuals in the population. b)They can increase an organism's ability to survive better or reproduce better than other individuals, but not both at the same time. c)They increase an organism's ability to reproduce better than other individuals in the population, in a given environment. d)They result from any mechanism of evolution.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is an example of a limitation on adaptation through natural selection? In a population of bacteria exposed to an antibiotic, there may be no individual with a resistance gene on which selection can act. O Bacteria reproduce very rapidly. Natural selection can only work to improve a species in the longer term and would not allow selection of something that would only have a short-term benefit. Mutations are very rare. Most animal populations have little genetic variation on which selection can act.arrow_forwardConsider the following statements and indicate whether each presents an idea of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, of Charles Darwin or of both scientists. On the blank before the statement, write L for Lamarck, D for Darwin or B for both. _____ 1) An organism directs its own adaptations because of an inborn urge to be perfect (that is, to be better suited to the environment). _____ 2) Individuals do not evolve, but populations do. _____ 3) Individuals in a population exhibit variation in their traits, such that no two individuals are exactly alike. _____ 4) Many different kinds of living things are adapted to their environment. _____ 5) Members of a population who are better adapted to the environment have higher chances of survival and reproduction. _____ 6) Parents pass on their traits to their offspring. _____ 7) Species change gradually over many generations. _____ 8) Traits that an organism acquired during its lifetime can be transmitted to its offspring.arrow_forwardEvidence suggest that feathers originally evolved for some function other than facilitating flight. This implies that (choose the best answer): a) Feathers are not currently an adaptation for flight. b) There was negative frequency dependent selection for feathers. c) Adaptations can evolve via the modification of pre-existing structures for a new function. d) Feathers arose via acclimatization. e) Natural selection anticipates future need and directs evolution accordingly.arrow_forward
- Compare and contrast the five patterns of natural selection that drive adaptation.arrow_forwardExplain how natural selection can lead to adaptation.arrow_forwardIn the US, many farmers regularly use the herbicide glyphosate to keep their fields free from weeds. Now, however, they are reporting the presence and spread of “superweeds” which are resistant to the said herbicide. Give a brief explanation of this situation using what you learned about natural selection. (Modified from Hoefnagels, 2016)arrow_forward
- The presence of tiny hairs, called setae, on the toe pads of some geckos is associated with the ability to adhere to smooth surfaces. This ability allows geckos to climb in areas where many predators cannot. Scientists studying the evolution of setae have identified three closely related species of gecko, only one of which can adhere to smooth surfaces. A model of the evolutionary relatedness between these species is represented in the figure. Which of the following statements is an accurate interpretation of the labeled branch points on the model?arrow_forwardWhy is natural selection the only agent of evolution that consistently produces adaptation?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is most accurate? a) Humans evolved from chimpanzees. O b) If allele frequencies change across generations in a population, natural selection must be the cause. c) An individual evolves in response to a change in environment. d) Mutation is the ultimate source of new alleles, but the fate of such mutations depends in part on how they impact fitness. e) All traits are adaptations, although for some we haven't yet figured out what they are adaptations for.arrow_forward
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