Biology: How Life Works
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781319017637
Author: James Morris, Daniel Hartl, Andrew Knoll, Melissa Michael, Robert Lue, Andrew Berry, Andrew Biewener, Brian Farrell, N. Michele Holbrook
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
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Chapter 4.1, Problem 2SAQ
Summary Introduction
Amino acids are the organic molecules which are found to be the building blocks of proteins. The amino acids possess a central carbon atom which is the alpha carbon. This carbon atom is connected to four diverse chemical groups by the covalent bonds. These chemical groups include an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and an organic R group or side chain.
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Tripeptides are composed of three amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Given a set of amino acids, you can make several different tripeptides.(a) Use the three-letter shorthand notations to name all the tripeptides that can be made from serine, tyrosine, and glycine. Each amino acid will be used once in each tripeptide.(b) Draw the complete structure of the tripeptides that have glycine as the N-terminal amino acid.
What are the four levels of structural organization of a protein?
Which amino acid is technically not an amino acid? Whichamino acid contains no chiral carbon atoms?
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- What amino acid is technically not an amino acid and which amino acid contains no chiral carbon atoms?arrow_forwardWhat level of protein structure is determined by the following:(a) Peptide bonds between amino acids?(b) Hydrogen bonds between backbone carbonyl oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms attached to backbone nitrogen atoms?(c) R group interactions that may involve Van der Waalsforces, ionic interactions, or hydrogen bonds?arrow_forwardWhat are proteins? What type of bonds is responsible for the formation of proteins? Provide an illustration to the second question. What are amino acids? Provide an example of the following by providing their amino acid name and structure: Aromatic amino acid Acidic amino acid Basic amino acid Phenolic amino acid Sulfur containing amino acid Provide the protein/s found in the following: Egg Milkarrow_forward
- Together, these monomers make up what type of polymer (macromolecule)? List at least three (broad) functions that these macromolecules can perform. What is an example protein that we’ve discussed that uses of these functions? Using R as the side chain, draw the basic structure of an amino acid.arrow_forwardIdentify the following statements as descriptive of the secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure of a protein. What types of interactions stabilize each type of structure?(a) The polypeptide chain has a number of bends and twists, resulting in a compact structure.(b) The polypeptide backbone forms a right-handed coil.(c) The four polypeptide chains are arranged in a spherical shape.arrow_forwardWhat is meant by tertiary structure of proteins?arrow_forward
- What are the main structural features of an amino acid?arrow_forwardWhich of the following amino acids is most likely to be found on the outside of a soluble protein, and which of them is more likely to be found on the inside? Explain each answer. (Hint: Consider the effect of the amino acidside chain in each case and that the protein is folded up into its globular form.)(a) Valine (b) Aspartate(c) Histidine (d) Alaninearrow_forwardWhy is the exact order of amino acids (primary structure) in a protein important?arrow_forward
- What are intrinsically disordered proteins?arrow_forwardDraw the chemical structure of an alanine pentapeptide. Indicate the location of each peptide bond. Label the phi () and psi () dihedral angles. Name and briefly define the four levels of protein structure.arrow_forwardWhat are intrinsically disordered proteins ? What are their features in terms of amino acid composition ? How do the unstructured domains in these proteins relate to their function ?arrow_forward
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