Fundamentals of Biostatistics
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305268920
Author: Bernard Rosner
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 4, Problem 83P
The two-stage model of carcinogenesis is based on the premise that for a cancer to develop, a normal cell must first undergo a “first hit” and mutate to become a susceptible or intermediate cell. An intermediate cell then must undergo a “second hit” and mutate to become a malignant cell. A cancer develops if at least one cell becomes a malignant cell. This model has been applied to the development of breast cancer in females (Moolgavkar et al. [15]).
Suppose there are 108 normal breast cells and 0 intermediate or malignant breast cells among 20-year-old females. The
What is the probability that there will be at least 5 intermediate cells by age 21? (Hint: Use the Poisson distribution.)
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Measles is a highly contagious infection of the respiratory system and is caused by a virus. Despite the fact that more than 80% of the world’s population is vaccinated for it, measles remains the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. In general, the term pathogenesis refers to the way a disease originates and develops over time. In the case of measles, the virus enters through the respiratory tract and replicates there before spreading into the bloodstream and then the skin. Figure 1: Shown is a transmission electron micrograph of a measles virus. The measles pathogenesis function used to model the development of the disease is given by the following equation: f (t) = −t (t − 21) (t + 1) Where t is measured in days and f (t) represents the number of infected cells per millilitre [mL] of plasma. What is the peak infection time for the measles virus? Solve the above problem through the following steps: (a) Expand equation 2 fully. (b) Calculate the first derivative f′ (t), of the…
Chapter 4 Solutions
Fundamentals of Biostatistics
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