Macroeconomics
21st Edition
ISBN: 9781259915673
Author: Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue, Sean Masaki Flynn Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 4, Problem 5DQ
To determine
The impact of subsidy and tax spill over effect.
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Why are spillover costs and spillover benefits also called negative and positive externalities? Show graphically how a tax can correct for a negative externality and how a subsidy to producers can correct for a positive externality. How does a subsidy to consumers differ from a subsidy to producers in correcting for a positive externality?
An externality arises when a firm or person engages in an activity that affects the wellbeing of a third party, yet neither pays nor receives any
compensation for that effect. If the impact on the third party is beneficial, it is called a
externality.
The following graph shows the demand and supply curves for a good with this type of externality. The dashed drop lines on the graph reflect the
market equilibrium price and quantity for this good.
Adjust one or both of the curves to reflect the presence of the externality. If the social cost of producing the good is not equal to the private cost, then
you should drag the supply curve to reflect the social costs of producing the good; similarly, if the social value of producing the good is not equal to
the private value, then you should drag the demand curve to reflect the social value of consuming the good.
(?)
PRICE (Dollars per unit)
QUANTITY (Units)
Supply
Demand
¦ þ
Demand
Supply
True or False?
In the presence of a positive externality, a Pigouvian subsidy results in less consumption or production of the good that generates that externality.
Chapter 4 Solutions
Macroeconomics
Ch. 4.A - Prob. 1ADQCh. 4.A - Prob. 2ADQCh. 4.A - Prob. 3ADQCh. 4.A - Prob. 1ARQCh. 4.A - Prob. 2ARQCh. 4.A - Prob. 3ARQCh. 4.A - Prob. 1APCh. 4 - Prob. 1DQCh. 4 - Prob. 2DQCh. 4 - Prob. 3DQ
Ch. 4 - Prob. 4DQCh. 4 - Prob. 5DQCh. 4 - Prob. 6DQCh. 4 - Prob. 7DQCh. 4 - Prob. 8DQCh. 4 - Prob. 9DQCh. 4 - Prob. 1RQCh. 4 - Prob. 2RQCh. 4 - Prob. 3RQCh. 4 - Prob. 4RQCh. 4 - Prob. 5RQCh. 4 - Prob. 6RQCh. 4 - Use marginal cost/marginal benefit analysis to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 1PCh. 4 - Prob. 2PCh. 4 - Prob. 3PCh. 4 - Prob. 4PCh. 4 - Prob. 5PCh. 4 - Prob. 6PCh. 4 - Prob. 7P
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- Don’t know how to finish solvingarrow_forwardSuppose demand is QD =12 - P supply is QS = 2P. There is a constant positive externality of $6 per unit (Marginal External Benefit, MEB = $6). What subsidy would achieve the efficient allocation? In other words, what subsidy would maximize social surplus? (Do not overthink this one.) Find quantity given this subsidy. What is the social benefit that accrues due to the quantity in the previous part? (Hint: It is MEB times the quantity.) Find (private) producer surplus given this subsidy. Find (private) consumer surplus given this subsidy. How much would this subsidy cost the government? In other words, find government “revenue” (which will end up being a negative number). Add up the answers to the previous four questions to find social surplus. (It should be the same as the area between MSB and MSC.)arrow_forwardQuestion is in the photo! Thank you so much!arrow_forward
- The local government has decided that because children's health has large external benefits, it will offer a subsidy to help families pay for visits to the pediatrician. However, the government isn't sure at what level to set the subsidy. The figure below shows the current demand curve for pediatricians' visits (D1), and three alternative subsidies, represented by curves D2, D3 and D4. a. Assume that the correct level of subsidy is D3. Compared to the efficient outcome, graph the loss in total surplus that would result from subsidies D2 and D4. b. The socially optimal level of pediatrician visits is __ visits.arrow_forwardCompared to a good with no externalities, a good with a negative externality appear to have experienced a will at each corresponding price. OIncrease in Supply ODecrease in Supply OIncrease in Demand ODecrease in Demandarrow_forwardAn externality arises when a firm or person engages in an activity that affects the wellbeing of a third party, yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. If the impact on the third party is adverse, it is called a externality. The following graph shows the demand and supply curves for a good with this type of externality. The dashed drop lines on the graph reflect the market equilibrium price and quantity for this good. Adjust one or both of the curves to refiect the presence of the externality. If the social cost of producing the good is not equal to the private cost, then you should drag the supply curve to reflect the social costs of producing the good; similarly, if the social value of producing the good is not equal to the private value, then you should drag the demand curve to reflect the social value of consuming the good. -O- Supply Demand Supply Demand QUANTITY (Unts) With this type of externality, in the absence of government intervention, the market…arrow_forward
- Assume there is a positive externality associated with having a tertiary education. Is the deadweight loss from the subsidy increased or decreased with the introduction of the positive externality? Why?arrow_forwardThe demand and supply of ethanol are given by QD = 8,000 – 2,000P and QS = 1,000P – 1,000, where P is price per gallon and Q measures gallons per minute. Suppose the government subsidizes ethanol at $0.30 a gallon that the producer pays. What does the subsidy cost the government? After the subsidy, what is the producer surplus? After the subsidy, what is the consumer surplus? After the subsidy, what is the deadweight loss?arrow_forwardThe figure below shows a market in which there is an externality. The curve S2 is parallel to S1. Areas in the figures are numbered. What type of externality is shown in the figure and why is it a problem in economics? Identify the market equilibrium and the social equilibrium in the figure. If the market were to move from the market equilibrium to the social equilibrium, indicate the area(s) that represent the change in consumer surplus, the change in producer surplus, the change for third parties, and the net effect on total surplus. Does total surplus rise or fall? What would be the amount of a per-unit tax needed to fix the externality?arrow_forward
- Price MCS $5 per unit MC P B cID H Quantity QE Negative Externality The following questions refer to the accompanying diagram, which shows the effects of a negative externality created by an industry's production. Refer to the graph. According to a Pigovian analysis of this externality, when a tax of $5 per unit is imposed on the firms in this industry, the external costs created by the firms' production will equal area C + D + E + G + H. ) area C + D + G + H. area C+ G. zero.arrow_forwardhow do we answer such questions?arrow_forwardIn the past, some counties and countries have imposed taxes on sugar, saturated fats, and food made with those ingredients as a way to reduce consumption of those foods. Assume the government imposes a unit tax on all chocolate. Answer the following questions Is there an externality from consuming chocolate? Explain why or why not. Use a correctly labeled graph to show what happens in the market for chocolate as a result of the unit tax. On your graph, show the market equilibrium before and after the tax (i.e. show the equilibrium prices and quantities.) Show graphically what happens to consumer surplus and producer surplus after the tax (you may need a separate graph to show this.) Will consumers be able to shift this tax to sellers? If yes explain why/how. If no explain why not. Based on your answer to c, who will bear the incidence of this tax? Show this on a graph. How will consumers respond to the tax on chocolate? How will candy companies respond strategically to the tax on…arrow_forward
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