Concept explainers
Do grumpy old men have a greater risk of having coronary heart disease than men who aren’t so grumpy? Harvard Medical School researchers examined this question in a prospective observational study reported in the November 1994 issue of Circulation (Kawachi et al., 1994). For 7 years, the researchers studied men between the ages of 46 and 90. All study participants completed a survey of anger symptoms at the beginning of the study period. Among 199 men who had no anger symptoms, there were 8 cases of coronary heart disease. Among 559 men who had the most anger symptoms, there were 59 cases of coronary heart disease.
a. Construct a
b. Among those with no anger symptoms, what percentage had coronary heart disease?
c. Among those with the mostanger symptoms, what percentage had coronary heart disease?
d. Draw a bar graph of these data. Based on this graph, does there appear to be an association between anger and the risk of coronary heart disease? Explain.
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