Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 35.5, Problem 1CS
Core Skill: Modeling The goal of this modeling challenge is to draw a reptilian phylogenetic tree that distinguishes the four recognized taxa based on critical innovations that are morphological traits.
Modeling Challenge: Turtles, lizards and snakes, crocodiles, and birds are all considered reptilians, yet we recognize them as distinct taxa. Construct a model of a phylogenetic tree using six critical innovations: three- or four-chambered heart, scales, endothermy, a hard protective shell, a kinetic skull, and feathers. Be sure to show these critical innovations on your phylogenetic tree with black bars and labels. The four taxa have the following combinations of traits: Crocodilia (four-chambered heart, scales, not endothermic, no protective shell, no kinetic skull, no feathers); Squamata (three-chambered heart, scales, not endothermic, no protective shell, kinetic skull, no feathers); Testudines (three-chambered heart, scales, not endothermic, hard protective shell, no kinetic skull, no feathers); Aves (four-chambered heart, scales, endothermic, no protective shell, no kinetic skull, feathers).
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Students have asked these similar questions
Use the following phylogenetic tree to help determine if the provided examples below are
homologous structures or analogous structures.
Figure 27.10
ANCESTRAL
PROTIST
Metazoa
770 million
years ago
©2014 Pearson Education, Inc
Eumetazoa
680
million.
years ago
670 million
years ago
Bilateria
Deuterostomia
Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa
The worm shape of a hemicordata and the worm shape of a
nematoda
Porifera
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
The scales of a fish (chordata) and the scales of a scaleworm
(annelida)
The shell of the brachiopoda and the shell of the mollusca
The shell of a mollusca and the hard outer surface of the
arthropods
Hemichordata
Echinodermata
The holes in human skin (pores) and the hole in the body of a
porifera
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
EXAMPLE
The round shape of an Echinodermata and the round shape of a
ctenophora
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda
The trochophore larval stage of a Mollusca and the trochophore
larval stage of an annelida.
Homologous…
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. On the branches of the phylogenetic tree on the back side of this worksheet, write in a unique derived trait (Autapomorphy), either anatomical
or behavioral, that is used to distinguish each primate subgroup from the other taxa of primates. The points where the derived traits should
be entered are labelled A1 - A6 and a written description of what is expected for each appears below and to the right of the tree.
2. On the trunk of the phylogenetic tree write in a shared derived trait (Synapomorphy) that unifies the branches (clades) of the tree which sit
to the right of the trait marker (S1-S5). Again these traits can be either anatomical or behavioral and a written description of what is
expected for each appears below and to the right of the tree.
For both #1 and #2 you should write in at least one trait for each trait marker (A1-A6 and S1-S5) that appears on the phylogenetic tree. Make sure
all entries are detailed enough to differentiate taxa and written legibly. If…
Directions: Use the cladogram below to answer the questions on this worksheet.
Sharks
Ray-finned
fish Amphibians Primates
Rodents
& rabbits Crocodiles
Hair
Vertebrae
7. What trait separates amphibians from primates on this cladogram?
9. Which organism is most related to the bird on this cladogram?
Bony skeleton
Four limbs
8. What separates rabbits and primates from crocodiles on this cladogram?
Amniotic egg
Birds
Eggs with shell:
Chapter 35 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 35.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.3 - Core Skill: Connections Are fish a monophyletic...Ch. 35.3 - What features distinguish ray- finned fishes from...Ch. 35.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 35.4 - What was the purpose of the study conducted by...Ch. 35.4 - Prob. 2EQCh. 35.4 - CoreSKILL Summarize the results of the...Ch. 35.4 - What were the advantages to animals of moving onto...Ch. 35.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 35.5 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 35.5 - Core Skill: Modeling The goal of this modeling...Ch. 35.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 35.5 - Core Skill: Connections Look ahead to Figure...Ch. 35.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35.6 - Prob. 1CSCh. 35 - Which of the following is not a defining...Ch. 35 - Prob. 2TYCh. 35 - Prob. 3TYCh. 35 - Prob. 4TYCh. 35 - Prob. 5TYCh. 35 - Which clade does not include frogs? a. vertebrates...Ch. 35 - Prob. 7TYCh. 35 - Prob. 8TYCh. 35 - Prob. 9TYCh. 35 - Which of the following is not a distinguishing...Ch. 35 - Prob. 1CQCh. 35 - Prob. 2CQCh. 35 - Prob. 3CQCh. 35 - By what means can vertebrates move?Ch. 35 - Prob. 2COQ
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- Practice... Lancelet 1. What trait separates Lampreys from tuna on (outgroup) Lamprey Tuna Salamander Turtie Leopard this cladogram? Hair 2. What separates a salamander from a Amniotic egg turtle? Four walking legs 3. Which organism is most related to the Jows leopard? Vertebral column 4. What 4 traits do these two organisms share? 5. Which organism will have DNA most similar to the turtle? 6. Which organism's DNA will differ the most from the leopard?arrow_forward\. Read some papers (find them using any of several literature-search engines that your instructor can suggest) that make different estimates of the timing of either the origin of bilaterian animal phyla or the orders of mammals. How different are the estimates based on molecular clock evidence versus paleontological evidence? What might account for these differences, and how might they be resolved?arrow_forwardINSTRUCTION: - Answer the question properly - Discuss your answer - Do not copy in Google or here in Bartleby. Construct your own answer. Figure 1: The phylogenetic tree of the Mysticeti. QUESTION: 1. List tree synapomorphies shared by extant filter-feeding whales.arrow_forward
- Instruction: Explain your answer. Scientific Thought: "In evolutionary relationships using the evidences of evolution, the more closely related the species are, the more similar their DNA sequences. Provide concrete evidence through illustration to prove your answer. You may use other ways to show your answer.arrow_forwardAnswer the following questions about this phylogenetic tree. What animal represents the out group in this tree and why? What is the derived characteristic of the birds? What is the shared characteristic of 3 to 6? Which number represents the common ancestor of Ostriches and Hawks?arrow_forwardExamine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply. A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree. B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor. C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species. D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles. E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.arrow_forward
- n. Scientists have found one new fossil that is similar to Archaeopteryx. It is only the second fossil of its kind. It shows an animal that had a long-feathered tail and small teeth, like non-avian dinosaurs. But the animal also had flight feathers and wings, like modern birds. The fossil also shows a fused clavicle bone, which confirms the relationship between birds and dinosaurs because they are the only two groups with this characteristic. What is true about this scenario? It shows evidence of evolution. It shows evidence of widespread expression. It shows evidence of climate change. It shows evidence of causation.arrow_forwardTree Thinking Review Draw a bracketed phylogenetic tree of the following groups on the next blank page: • Peat Moss • Capybara • Ostrich Fern • Blobfish • White Pine Tree • Protists • Escheria coli • Mexico Whiptail Lizard • Sunflower Sea Star • Bold Jumping Spider • T. Rex • Flatworm • Apple Tree • Archaea • Chanterelle Mushroom Grasshopper Sparrow After you draw your tree, label where the following traits would have evolved. Consider that traits may have evolved more than one time. • Chloroplasts • Seeds • Endosperm • Flowers • Vascular Tissue • Mitochondria Segmentation • Central Nervous System • Notochord • Vertebrae • Nucleus • Membrane Bound Organelles • Peptidoglycans • Cranium Fur • Lactation • Feathers Jaws • Hollow Dorsal Nerve Cordarrow_forward(e) Using your phylogenetics knowledge from the first exam material , how was the approximate time of divergence between bees and their sister taxa estimated ?arrow_forward
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